1st year - MODULES 2012-2013

Term I

/

Term II

HISTORY OF IDEAS -
CULTURAL IDENTITY (I)
Mihaela Irimia / HISTORY OF IDEAS –
CULTURAL IDENTITY (II)
Mihaela Irimia
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Radu Surdulescu / CARTOGbRAPHIES OF DIASPORA
Sabina Draga Alexandru
THE RHETORICAL CONSTRUCTION
OF NATIONAL IDENTITY
Bogdan Ştefănescu / SHAPING THE REPUBLIC OF LETTERS: CRISIS AND REFORMATION IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE
Sorana Corneanu
NATIONAL IDENTITIES
IN
THE BRITISH ISLES (II):
SCOTLAND
James Christian Brown / BRITISHNESS IN THE ARTS:
VISUAL ARTS
Daniela Davidescu Brown
RE-MAPPING CULTURAL SPACE (I): SUBJECTS OF DIS-LOCATION
IN THE TRANSATLANTIC DIALOGUE
Irina Pană / RE-MAPPING CULTURAL SPACE (II):
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
Mădălina Nicolaescu
NATIONAL IDENTITIES
IN
THE BRITISH ISLES (I):
IRELAND
Ioana Zirra / (POST)COLONIAL INSCRIBINGS:
MULTICULTURALISM
Monica Bottez
CELTIC CULTURAL MEMORY
Ioana Zirra, Jim Brown, Martin Potter / (POST)COLONIAL INSCRIBINGS:
INDIAN IDENTITIES
Sabina Draga Alexandru
1. History of Ideas
– Cultural Identity

Module Supervisor: Prof. Mihaela Irimia

Syllabus for Term 1

# / Title / Themes for Presentation & Discussion. Bibliography *
1 /

HISTORY OF IDEAS (I)

Total amount: 37 pages / As a discipline that comes into being in the late 1930’s the History of Ideas puts roots in the soil of Western culture(s) already in the early 19th century. Prefigurations of its agenda occur in the 18th, and even in the 17th century. Commonly regarded as a history of –isms, of, that is, sets of concepts, ideas, symbols able to encompass and explain reality, the History of Ideas is a must of Cultural Identity Studies. It sounds logical that it should feature on a Cultural Studies agenda.
  • Lovejoy, Arthur O., ‘The Study of the History of Ideas’, in King, Preston (ed.), The History of Ideas: An Introduction to Method, LondonCanberra: Croom Helm; Totowa, N.J.: Barnes & Noble Books, 1983, 179-197 [MI].
  • Mandelbaum, Maurice, ‘On Lovejoy’s Historiography’, in Preston, King (ed.), The History of Ideas: An Introduction to Method, 198-207 [MI].

2 /

HISTORY OF IDEAS (II)

Total amount: 32 pages / A definition of the History of Ideas as a history of –isms brings in the question of the whole set of disciplines and the interdisciplinary approaches entailed by such a view of culture and cultural identity.
The History of Ideas stands in a relevant relation to Intellectual History, Cultural History, and the history of Mentalités.
  • Preston, King, ‘Introduction’, in Preston, King (ed.), The History of Ideas: An Introduction to Method, LondonCanberra: Croom Helm; Totowa, N.J.: Barnes & Noble Books, 1983, 3-19 [MI].
  • Mazzeo, Joseph Anthony, ‘Some Interpretations of the History of Ideas’, in Kelly, Donald R. (ed.), The History of Ideas: Canon and Variations, 92-107 [MI].

3 /

HISTORY OF IDEAS (III)

Total amount: 21 pages / The History of Ideas is a ‘canon with variations’ that goes back to the classic antiquity, in the last instance. It is, as such, bound with the History of Philosophy. Previously thought of in terms of fixities and givens – as part of the traditional universalist vision – the History of Ideas is currently considered in terms of its own history. The ‘History of Ideas itself has a history’ is an established topos in the literature and requires apposite evaluation.
  • Kelly, Donald R., ‘Introduction: Reflections on a Canon’, in Kelly, Donald R. (ed.), The History of Ideas: Canon and Variations, Rochester, N.Y.: U. of Rochester P., 1990, viii-xii [MI].
  • Krieger, Leonard, ‘The Autonomy of Intellectual History’, in Kelly, Donald R. (ed.), The History of Ideas: Canon and Variations, 108-125 [MI].
FURTHER READING
  • Auerbach, Erich, ‘Figura’, in Scenes from the Drama of European Literature, Foreword by Paolo Valesio, Theory and History of Literature, Volume 9, Minneapolis: U. of Minnesota Press, 1984 (© 1959), 11-76 [MI].
  • Auerbach, Erich, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1957 (© 1953).
  • Auerbach, Erich, ‘Historical Introduction: The Idea of Man in Literature’, in Auerbach, Erich, Dante, Poet of the Secular World, ChicagoLondon: University of Chicago Press, 1974 (© 1961), 1-23.
  • Berlin, Isaiah, Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas, London: The Hogarth Press, 1979.
  • Bouwsma, William J., ‘From History of Ideas to History of Meaning’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 12, No. 2, The New History: The 1980s and Beyond (II) (Autumn, 1981), 279-291.
  • Bredsdorff, Thomas, ‘Lovejoy’s Idea of “Idea”’, New Literary History, Vol. 8, No. 2, Explorations in Literary History (Winter, 1977), 195-211.
  • Foucault, Michel, Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason, New York: Vintage Books, 1988 (© 1967).
  • Foucault, Michel, A supraveghea şi a pedepsi – Naşterea închisorii, Bucureşti: Humanitas, 1977 (© 1975).
  • Foucault, Michel, The Archaeology of Knowledge, trans. A.M. Sheridan Smith, New York: Pantheon Books, 1972.
  • Gombrich, Ernst Hans, Ideals and Idols: Essays on Value in History and in Art, London: Phaidon Press, 1994 (© 1979).
  • Gombrich, Ernst Hans, The Uses of Images: Studies in the Social Function of Art and Visual Communication, London: Phaidon Press, 1999.
  • Hutton, Patrick H., ‘The History of Mentalities: The New Map of Cultural History’, History and Theory, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Oct., 1981), 237-259.
  • Kelley, Donald, The Descent of Ideas: The History of Intellectual History, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002.
  • Kelley, Donald, ‘Eclecticism and the History of Ideas’, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 62, No. 4, (Oct. 2001), pp. 577-592.
  • Kelley, Donald (ed.), The History of Ideas: Canon and Variations, Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press, 1990.
  • Kelley, Donald, ‘What Is Happening to the History of Ideas?’, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 51, NO. 1. (Jan. – Mar., 1990), pp. 3-25.
  • Kelley, Donald, ‘Horizons of Intellectual History: Retrospect, Circumspect, Prospect’, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Jan. – Mar., 1987), 143-169.
  • King, Preston (ed.), The History of Ideas: An Introduction to Method, LondonCanberra: Croom Helm; Totowa, N.J.: Barnes & Noble Books, 1983.
  • Koyré, Alexandre, From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1956.
  • LaCapra, Dominick, ‘European Intellectual History and Post-Traumatic State’, in iichiko intercultural, Number 6 June 1994.
  • Lenoble, Robert, Esquisse d’une histoire de l’idée de Nature, Paris: Éditions Albin Michel, 1969.
  • Lovejoy, Arthur O., ‘Reflections on the History of Ideas’, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. I, No. 1. (Jan., 1940), pp. 3-23.
  • Lovejoy, Arthur O., Marele lanţ al fiinţei – Istoria ideii de plenitudine de la Platon la Schelling, trans. Diana Dicu, Bucureşti: Humanitas, 1997 (© 1936).
  • Mandelbaum, Maurice, ‘The History of Ideas, Intellectual History, and the History of Philosophy’, History and Theory, Vol. 5, Beiheft 5: The Historiography of the History of Philosophy. (1965), pp. 33-66.
  • Marrou, Henri-Irénée, Sfîntul Augustin şi sfîrşitul culturii antice, trans. Draga Stoianovici & Lucia Wald, Bucureşti: Humanitas, 1997 (© 1983).
  • Merton, Robert, On the Shoulders of Giants: A Shandean Postscript, with an Afterword by Denis Donoghue and a Preface by the Author, San Diego – New York – London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, 1985 (© 1965).
  • White, Morton, Foundations of Historical Knowledge, New YorkLondon: Harper & Row Publishers, 1965.
  • Whitehead, Alfred North, ‘Science and the Modern World’, in Adler, Mortimer J., Great Books of the Western World, Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1993 (© 1952).
  • Wiener, Philip P., ‘Some Problems and Methods in the History of Ideas’, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 22, No. 4. (Oct. – Dec., 1961), pp. 531-548.
  • Willey, Basil, The Seventeenth-Century Background, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd, 1962 (© 1934).
  • Willey, Basil, The Eighteenth-Century Background, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd, 1972 (© 1940).

4 /

MODERNITY — a Western Project: from Classic Foundationalism to Classic Modernity

(covered by THE REPUBLIC OF LETTERS Module) / A survey of Western Foundationalism: the Socratic-Platonic model – λόγος as ontological paragon; Aristotle and the taxinomy of the world; the Christian model - Λόγος as the Word of God; medieval theology, nominalism vs. realism; Neo-Platonism, Renaissance humanism and burgeoning modern hermeneutics (from Origen, via Valla, to Schleiermacher); the discovery of the Other and the 17th-century ‘crisis’ of European conscience; the Enlightenment paradigm and the foundation of classic modernity – the rationalistic-scientific model; 19th-century positivism, realism, naturalism; ‘our’ modernity en route to postmodernity.
  • Francis Bacon, “The Advancement of Learning” (1605), in Joyce Appleby et al. (eds.), Knowledge and Postmodernism in Historical Perspective, New YorkLondon: Routledge, 1996, pp. 31-40 [NEC] [MI]
  • René Descartes, Méditations(1641) [NEC] – English trans. “Meditations on First Philosophy”, in Lawrence Cahoone (ed.), From Modernism to Postmodernism: An Anthology, Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1996, pp. 29-40 [NEC] [MI]
  • John Locke, “Essay Concerning Human Understanding” (1690), in Joyce Appleby et al. (eds.), Knowledge and Postmodernism in Historical Perspective, 1996, pp. 51-60 [NEC] [MI]
  • Immanuel Kant, Was ist Aufklärung (1784) [NEC] [NEC] –English trans.“An Answer to the Question: What Is Enlightenment?”, in Lawrence Cahoone (ed.), From Modernism to Postmodernism: An Anthology, 1996, pp. 51-57 [MI]
  • Karl Marx, Die Deutsche Ideologie(1847) [NEC] – English trans. “The German Ideology”,in Joyce Appleby et al. (eds.), Knowledge and Postmodernism in Historical Perspective, 1996, pp. 180-188 [MI]
  • Tony Davies, Humanism, Routledge, New YorkLondon, 1997, Introduction: “Towards a Definition of Humanism”; Ch.1: “The Invention of Humanity”, pp. 1-71 [MI]

FURTHER READING

  • Appleby, Joyce et al. (eds.), Knowledge and Postmodernism in Historical Perspective, New YorkLondon: Routledge, 1996
  • Cahoone, Lawrence (ed.), From Modernism to Postmodernism: An Anthology, Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1996
  • Coates, Willson H., Hayden White & Salwyn J. Schapiro¸ The Emergence of Liberal Humanism: An Intellectual History of Western Europe, New York-St. Louis-San Francisco-Toronto-London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1966
  • Tony Davies, Humanism, Routledge, New YorkLondon, 1997
  • Hamilton, Paul, Historicism, LondonNew York: Routledge, 1997
  • Hawkes, David, Ideology, LondonNew York: Routledge, 1996
  • Jervis, John, Transgressing the Modern, Oxford, Blackwell, 1999
  • Luhmann, Niklas, Observations on Modernity, Stanford, California: Stanford U. P., 1998 (© 1992)
  • Taylor, Charles, Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity, Cambridge, Massachusetts: HarvardUniversity Press, 1989
  • Van Doren, Mark, Liberal Education, New York: Henry Holt & Co.,1943

5 /

FORMALISM — STRUCTURALISM: the Scientific Moment in the Humanities

Total amount: 5 pages

Total amount: 46 pages

/ The Formalist modern spirit as reaction to Romanticism and the aporia of Formalism as belated romanticism;Shklovsky, Tomashevsky, Tynyanov, Jakobson and the ‘scientific’ method: the ‘art as technique’ topos, defamiliarization (ostranenie) as literary technique and Weltanschauung, literariness (literaturnost’) vs. metaphoric estrangement, paradigmvs. syntagm, fabula vs. sjuzhet, story vs. plot or myth, the linguistics – poetics relationship; an autotelic school of criticism in its own right; similarities with, and differences from, other such stances; consequences on narratology; the semiotic connection; the linguistic turn.
  • Viktor Shklovsky, “Art as Technique” (1917), in K.M. Newton (ed.), Twentieth-Century Literary Theory: A Reader, London: Mcmillan, 1997 (©1988), pp. 3-5 [BCSC] [MI]
  • Roman Jakobson, “The Dominant” (1935), in K.M. Newton (ed.), Twentieth-Century Literary Theory, 1997, pp. 6-9 [BCSC] [MI]
Structuralism and the call of immanence; the logic of binary oppositions: Troubetzkoy, de Saussure (the paradigm / syntagm opposition); constructedness and convention; structuralist splendeur and grand theory; structuralist décadence and the culturalist turn; structuralism and ‘societal’ forms: food, fashion, the nation, religion, art, science: Simmel’s culturalist adumbrations (adventure, the sexes, the crisis of the modern, the philosophy of culture), Cassirer’s symbolic forms, Barthes’s mythologies; spatial and constructivist metaphors.
  • Ernst Cassirer,Essay on Man: An Introduction to a Philosophy of Human Culture, (©1944) [BN] – Romanian trans. Eseu despre om – Introducere în filosofia culturii umane, Bucureşti: Humanitas, 1994, Cap. VI.: “Definiţia omului în termeni ai culturii umane”, pp. 93-103 [BN] [MI]
  • Roland Barthes, Mythologies (© 1957) [IF] – English trans. Mythologies, JonathanCape, London, 1972; and in Susan Sontag (ed.), A Roland Barthes Reader, London: Vintage, 1993, pp. 82-84 [BCSC]
  • Peter L. Berger & Thomas Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge, New York-London: Anchor Press, 1967 (© 1966), pp. 1-18
  • Terence Hawkes, Structuralism and Semiotics, BerkeleyLos Angeles: U. of California Press, 1992, pp. 11-18 [ED] [MI]
  • Jonathan Culler,Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics, and the Study of Literature, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975, [“The Development of a Method: Two Examples (The language of fashion, Mythological logic)”, pp. 32-54 [ED]
  • Mihaela Irimia, The Stimulating Difference: Avatars of a Concept, Bucharest: BucharestUniversity Press, 1995 [BCSC] [ED] [NEC] [BN] [MI]

FURTHER READING

  • Cassirer, Ernst, Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, trans. Ralph Manheim, New Haven: YaleUniversity Press, 1953
  • Caws, Peter, Structuralism: The Art of the Intelligible, New Jersey: Humanities Press International, Inc., 1998
  • Dosse, François Histoire du structuralisme (Vol.I: Le champ du signe, 1945-1966; Vol. II: Le Chant du cygne, 1967 à nos jours, Paris: Éditions La Découverte, 1992
  • Durand, Gilbert, Les structures anthropologiques de l’imaginaire, Paris: Bordas, 1969 – Romanian version Strucutrile antropologice ale imaginarului, trans. Marcel Aderca, Bucureşti: Univers Enciclopedic, 2000
  • Frye, Northrop, Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957
  • Frye, Northrop, The Great Code: The Bible and Literature, San Diego, New York & London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, 1983
  • Hawkes, Terence, Structuralism and Semiotics, Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1977
  • Macksey, Richard & Eugenio Donato (eds), The Structuralist Controversy: The Language of Criticism and the Sciences of Man, Baltimore & London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970
  • Newton, K.M. (ed.), Twentieth-Century Literary Theory: A Reader, London: MacMillan, 1997 (© 1988)
  • Pike, Keneth L., Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior, Hague: Mouton & Co., 1967
  • Pop, Mihai Ce este literatura?, Bucureşti, Editura Univers, 1983
  • Scholes, Robert, Structuralism in Literature: An Introduction, New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1974
  • Steiner, Peter, Russian Formalism: A Metapoetics, Ithana & London: Cornell University Press, 1984

6 / Precursors of CS (1):
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE and Metaphysical Necrology

Total amount: 58 pages

/ ‘Got ist tott’ and the beginning of ex-foundation (the ‘death of the author’ syndrome); the twilight of (the) idols; truth as fable; the (dif)fusion of the (European) centre: Zarathustra, not Christ; the ‘new man’ and the will to power; the collapse of reason and morality (the beyond-good-and-evil syndrome); the critique of language: metaphors as dry leaves and worn out effigies, the ‘words, words, words’ syndrome - anticipating postmodern textualism and the linguistic turn.
  • Friedrich Nietzsche, (1) La gaya scienza (1882) [NEC] – English trans. The Gay Science, (Part III, Sec. 125, “The Madman”), p. 103; (2) Jenseits vom Gut und Böse zur Genealogie der Moral (1886) [NEC] – English trans. Beyond Good and Evil - The Genealogy of Morals, (ch. “The Natural History of Morals”), in Walter Kaufmann, The Portable Nietzsche, The Viking Press, New York, 1968, pp. 104-120; (3) Wille zur Macht (1887)[NEC] – English trans. The Will to Power, in Lawrence Cahoone (ed.), From Modernism to Postmodernism: An Anthology (1996), p. 130 [MI]
  • Friedrich Nietzsche, (1) Also spracht Zarathustra (1884) [NEC] — English trans. Thus Spoke Zarathustra (c 1961), Penguin Books, London, 1969, pp. 121-137 — Romanian trans.Aşa grăit-a Zarathustra, Humanitas, Bucureşti, 1994 [BN] [BCSC] [MI]; (2) Götterdämmerung (1889) [NEC] – English trans. Twilight of the Idols[MI], pp. 467-472 – Romanian trans.Amurgul idolilor, Bucureşti: Humanitas, 1994[BN] [BCSC] [MI]
  • Friedrich Nietzsche,Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future, in Joyce Appleby et al. (eds.), Knowledge and Postmodernism in Historical Perspective, 1996, pp. 201-212 [MI]
  • Jürgen Habermas, Der philosophische Diskurs der Moderne (1985) [NEC] – English trans. The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, (ch. “The Entry into Postmodernity: Nietzsche as a turning point”), in Thomas Docherty (ed.), Postmodernism: A Reader, New York, London, Toronto, Tokyo, Singapore: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993, pp. 51-59 [BCSC][MI]
FURTHER READING
  • de Man, Paul, Allegories of Reading: Figural Language in Rousseau, Nietzsche, Rilke and Proust, New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1979
  • Kaufmann, Walter The Portable Nietzsche, The Viking Press, New York, 1968

7 / Precursors of CS (2):
MARTIN HEIDEGGER and being-in-time

Total amount: 55 pages

/ The ‘forgotten’ question of ‘being’ and the revisionism of Western metaphysics: thinking thefamiliar, Da-sein or being-in-the-world/being-in-time vs. Being; history, historicity, the historicity of being; Destruktion, or destructuring the history of ontology; a critique of the Cartesian ego-cogitans – a ‘constructive’ operation; a critique of Socratic-Platonic ‘reductionism’, an assault on essentialism; existentialist phenomenology, an attack on traditional humanism, Heidegger’s new humanism: man’s proximity to Being, the utensil quality of things in the world, the question of ‘Sorge’ in Dasein’s world; the ‘use of poets’.
  • Martin Heidegger, Sein und Zeit (1927) [NEC] – English trans.Being and Time, New York: State University of New York, 1996 (Int. II, 6 “The Task of a Destructuring of the History of Ontology”), pp. 17-23 [MI]
  • Martin Heidegger, Being and Time, 1996 (VI, 41, “The Being of Da-Sein as Care”), pp. 178-183 [MI]
  • Martin Heidegger, Brief über den Humanismus (1946) [NEC] – English trans.Letter on Humanism, in Lawerence Cahoone (ed), From Modernism to Postmodernism: An Anthology[MI], pp. 274-308 – Romanian trans. Scrisoare despre umanism, in Secolul 20, # 234-235-236, 1980 [MI]
  • Michael Inwood, “Heidegger and his language”, in A Heidegger Dictionary, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2000 (© 1999), pp. 1-11 [MI]

FURTHER READING

  • Heidegger, Martin, Being and Time, trans. John Macquarrie & Edward Robinson, New York: StateUniversity of New York, 1996
  • Inwood, Michael, A Heidegger Dictionary, Oxford: Blackwell
Publishers, 2000 (© 1999)
8 / Precursors of CS (3):
The FRANKFURTSCHOOL and the Loss of (Aesthetic) Unicity

Total amount: 46 pages

/ The Frankfurt school and the critical tradition in Western thought; the sociological turn; a philosophy of praxis; the moral question. The Adorno line: the ‘culture industry’ & ‘instrumental reason’; the Gramscian infusion: praxis, hegemony, the ‘collective intellectual’; the Horkheimer - Adorno view of the ‘dialectic of Enlightenment’; the Weber infusion; the Benjamin line: ‘mechanical reproducibility’ & the loss of the auratic force; art as commodity; materiality & commodification.
  • Max Horkheimer & Theodor Adorno, Dialektik der Aufklärung (1944) [NEC] – English trans. Dialectic of Enlightenment, in Lawrence Cahoone (ed.), From Modernism to Postmodernism, 1996, pp. 243-257 [MI]
  • MaxWeber, Die Protestantische Ethik and der Geist des Kapitalismus (1920) – English trans. The Protestant Ethic and the Logic of Capitalism, in Joyce Appleby et al. (eds), Knowledge and Postmodernism in Historical Perspective, 1996, pp. 215-240 – Romanian trans. Etica protestantă şi spiritul capitalismului, Bucureşti: Humanitas, 1993
  • Walter Benjamin, “Theses on the Philosophy of History”, in Kiernan Ryan (ed.), New Historicism and Cultural Materialism, Arnold Publishers, London, New York, Sydney, Auckland, 1996, pp. 32-41 [BCSC]
FURTHER READING
  • Arato, Andrew & Eike Gerhardt (eds.), The EssentialFrankfurtSchool Reader, New York: Urizen Books, 1978
  • McCarthy, Thomas, The Critical Theory of Jürgen Habermas, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1984 (© 1978)
  • Weber, Max, Etica protestantă şi spiritul capitalismului, Bucureşti: Humanitas, 1993

9 / Precursors of CS (4):
The ÉCOLE DES ANNALES and MENTALITÉS
Total amount: 71 pages / From a structuralist to a culturalist agenda: Mentalities vs. (Cultural) Anthropology, Mentalities vs. History of Ideas, Mentalities vs. ‘la nouvelle histoire’, Mentalities vs. (the New) Historicim. ‘Longue durée’ vs. facts; history as ‘mentalités’ vs. history as events; ‘outillage mental’; the ‘France profonde’ topos; ‘histoire économique et sociale’; collective conscience, the (collective) imaginary, representation(s); material culture: objects, tools, ambiance, rituals, protocols, festivals, ceremonies – the ‘culturam serbare’ topos; social sciences & ‘sciences de l’homme’; histories of dress, housing, food, smell, taste, fear, laughter.