Name ______Period ______Date ______

1st Semester Study Guide 2016-2017

*** Your study guide MUST be Neat, Clean, Legible, and Detailed! Use your Notes, textbook, or my website to answer each question.

Section 1: MINERALS (pg. 62-79)

  1. Definition of Mineral:______
  2. Definition of Gem: ______
  3. How to test the hardness of a mineral (pg. 69)

-Include a picture of the Mohs Scale

*To test the hardness of a mineral you: ______

______

______

Picture of the Mohs Scale: (pg. 69) – COMPLETE THE CHART

Mohs Scale / Hardness
1
Gypsum
3
4
Apatite
Feldspar
7
8
Corundum
Diamond
  1. How to perform a streak test (Pg. 71)

*To perform a streak test you need to ______

______

  1. Describe the difference between fracture and cleavage (Pg. 71)

*______is when minerals break with uneven, rough, or jagged surfaces.

*______is when minerals break along smooth flat surfaces.

  1. Minerals special properties (Pg. 72)

-Magnetism attracts magnets and will pick up iron fillings

-Chemical reaction with Calcite (Include a picture)

*When hydrochloric acid (HLC) is dropped on calcite it will ______.

Picture

  1. Crystalline structure when magma cools fast and slow

*When magma cools slow the crystals will be ______.

*When magma cools fast the crystals will be ______.

Section 2: Rocks(pg. 90-109)

  1. Definition of Rock: ______

______

  1. List the 3 types of rocks and their characteristics

-Igneous (difference between intrusive and extrusive)(pg. 95)

*Intrusive: Located ______the Earth’s surface

These type of rocks cool very ______and have ______sized crystals

*Extrusive: Located ______the Earth’s surface

These type of rock cool very ______and have ______sized crystals

-Sedimentary (difference between compaction and cementation)(pg. 104)

*Compaction is when ______from the upper layers pushes down on the lower layers.

*Cementation: As ______moves through soil and rock, it picks up materials released from minerals during ______. These minerals act like natural ______, and hold the sediments together like ______.

-Metamorphic (difference between foliated and nonfoliated) (pg. 101,102)

* Foliated Rocks: The mineral grains line up in ______.

* Nonfoliated Rocks: ______does not occur. The mineral grains grow and ______

3. Which characteristic is most responsible for determining the color and hardness of a rock? ______

______

  1. When looking at a cross section of rock layers, where would you find the oldest layer? ______
  2. Why are fossils rarely found in Metamorphic or Igneous Rocks? ______
  1. Picture of the rock cycle(Compete the diagram with arrows and labels) pg.91

SedimentsSedimentary Rock

Igneous RockMetamorphic Rock

Magma

Section 3: Natural Resources (pg 120-135)

  1. Definition of Renewable Recourse: ______

______

  1. Renewable resources (List and describe all 5 and give examples for each)
  1. ______

______

Example: ______

  1. ______

______

Example: ______

  1. ______

______

Example: ______

  1. ______

______

Example: ______

  1. ______

______

Example: ______

  1. Definition of Nonrenewable Recourse: ______

______

-Fossil Fuels (list and describe the 3 types)(pg120-123)

  1. Coal –______

______

  1. Oil –______

Example - ______

  1. Natural gas –______

Example - ______

-Why do we call coal, oil, and natural gas “fossil fuels?” ______

______

-Nuclear (pg.127)

* Nuclear energy is an alternate energy resource produced from ______.

Example - ______

  1. Include 1 picture for renewable and 1 picture for nonrenewable

Renewable resource pictureNonrenewable resource picture

This is a picture of ______This is a picture of ______

Section 4: Soil(pg. 190-191)

  1. Label a picture of the soil profile (pg. 191)


  1. Describe the characteristics of each layer (Pg. 191)

*A Horizon: Also called the ______, and is the ______layer

Is covered in ______

Very ______and fertile

Definition of Humus: ______

______

*B Horizon: Also called the ______

______occurs in this layer which is the removal of minerals that have been dissolved in water.

*C Horizon: Also called the ______, and is the ______layer

Consists of ______

This horizon is most like the ______.

  1. What are the 2 MAIN components of soil? (What is it made up of) (Pg. 190)

______and ______,

4. Why are plant roots important? ______

______

  1. What do Sand, Silt, and Clay all have in common? ______
    ______

Section 5: Weathering (Pg. 182-186)

  1. Definition of weathering: ______

______

  1. Mechanical weathering

-List the 3 types and describe the characteristics of each

1.______

______

2.______

______

3. ______

______

  1. Mechanical weathering occurs more rapidly in a ______type of climate.
  1. Chemical weathering

-List the 3 types and describe the characteristics of each

1.______

______

2.______

______

3. ______

______

  1. Chemical weathering occurs more rapidly in a ______type of climate.
  2. Provide 1 picture of mechanical and 1 picture of chemical weathering

Picture of mechanical weatheringPicture of Chemical Weathering

This is a pict. of ______This is a pict. of ______

Section 6: Erosion and Deposition

  1. What are 2 reasons people use Terracing?
  1. ______
  2. ______

2. List 4 ways humans can prevent soil erosion

  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. ______

3. Definition of Erosion: ______

______
4. Definition of Deposition: ______
______
5. How is a “U” shaped valley formed? ______
______
6. How is a “V” shaped valley formed? ______
______
7. Give an example of all 4 agents of erosion:
- Wind: ______
- Water: ______
-Gravity: ______
- Glaciers (Ice): ______
8. Do human activities such as forming, mining, deforestation, and construction increase or decrease erosion?
______
9. What is a windbreak and why is it used? ______
______
______

10. How is a delta formed? ______
______
11. What agent causes sediment and rock to move to lower elevations through time? ______

12. What object serves as protective barriers along coastlines and are often destroyed when hit by a strong hurricane?
______

***Review your study guide from Ch. 8 and 9 (Erosion and Deposition)
Section 7: Words to Know
1. Conservation:______
______2. Depletion: ______
______
3. Prevent: ______
4. Constructive forces: ______
______
5. Destructive forces:______
______
6. Increase: ______
7. Decrease: ______