Quiz 5
Multiple Choice
1. The scientific study of earthquakes and seismic waves is known as ______.
C) seismology
2. Fragments of unmelted rocks that are sometimes incorporated in magma are known as ______.
E) xenoliths
3. ______are the first waves to leave the focus after an earthquake.
A) P-waves
4. The ______is the part of the Earth's interior where rocks start to melt.
B) asthenosphere
5. A ______wave is an elastic rebound wave that travels outward in all directions from the point of an earthquake.
E) seismic
6. Finding the epicenter of an earthquake using the S-P interval based on data recorded at different locations is called______
B) S-P wave travel time
7. S-P time interval increases
B) as distance increases
True or False
8. The Earth's density as a whole is approximately 2.8 g/cm3.
False
9. P-waves travel by compression-expansion.
True
10. The mantle makes up roughly 80% of the Earth's volume.
True
Fill in the Blank
11. A large, destructive ocean wave sometimes caused by an earthquake is called a ______. TSUNAMI
12. ______is the bouncing back of a wave from an interface between two mediums. REFLECTION
13. The theory that stress is continually built up along a fault and released when earthquake occurs is known as ______rebound theory. ELASTIC
14. The method of using data from three seismic stations to locate an earthquake is known as ______. TRIANGULATION
15. ______are fragments of unmelted rock that are sometimes incorporated in magma. XENOLITHS
16. The area inside the Earth where rocks start to turn plastic is known as the ______.
ASTHENOSPHERE
Short Answer
17. Describe the method of triangulation.
Using a seismogram we can see the difference in the arrival of the P and S waves. This difference in time is called the S-P interval. We can measure this distance and translate it distance. The distance obtained is the radius of a circle from the station at which the earthquake occurred. We plot this circle and we do the same for three stations nearby. Where the three circles drawn meet is the point of the epicenter.
18. The largest earthquakes occur at ocean/continent convergent boundaries. Explain why.
The largest earthquakes occurred in subduction zones, here is where a huge slab of oceanic plate (more dense) is being subducted under a continental plate (less dense). The oceanic plate doesn’t go down smoothly; instead it goes under a lot of friction. This friction occurs at great depths and produced the largest earthquakes on Earth.
QUIZ 6
1. The Hawaiian Islands are composed of what type of volcanoes?
- A) shield
- The degree to which a substance resists flow is known as ______.
- E) viscosity
3. The igneous rock in the figure above has what type of texture?
- A) glassy
- 4. A ______is a mixture of molten and solid rock.
C) fractional melt
5. The figure is an igneous rock with what type of texture?
A) vesicular
6. The figure has what type of texture?
- D) porphyritic
7. Which of the following terms best describes the lava in the figure above?
- A) low viscosity
8. The smallest type of tephra is known as ______.
- B) volcanic ash
9. Fine grained igneous rocks have a ______texture.
- A) aphanitic
10. Tsunamies, tremors, lahar, changes in global temperature, and acid rain are secondary hazards associated with ______
- C) volcanoes
11. Rock textures associated with rocks cooled internally produce ______and ______are produced by rocks cooled externally.
- A) large and small crystals
12. A sill is a ______intrusion, whereas a dike is a ______intrusion.
- D) horizontal, vertical
13. Volcanoes are located in which type of plate boundaries?
- C) convergent (subduction zone)
True/False
14. The presence of high amounts of water usually lowers the melting temperature of the rock.
- TRUE
15. Hawaiian eruptions are extremely violent and produce large pyroclastic flows.
- FALSE
16. Igneous rocks high in feldspars and silicates are known as felsic rocks.
- TRUE
17. Vulcanian eruptions are not very explosive and only release ash 5km into the air.
- FALSE
18. Igneous rocks with small crystals undergo slow cooling.
- FALSE
Fill-In-The-Blank
19. The most violent volcanic eruptions in history are classified as ______
eruptions. PLINIAN
20. When magma is injected horizontally between layers and solidifies, a ______forms. SILL
Quiz 7
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What type of weathering will break a rock by the contraction and expansion of water to ice?
- A) Frost wedging
2. ______consists of sediment particles that are mechanically transported by suspension within a stream or river.
- B) suspended load
3. A ______involves a rotational movement of rock or regolith.
- D) slump
4. Glacial ______are usually multiple, straight, and parallel, representing the movement of the glacier using small rocks and pebbles, embedded in the base of the glacier, as cutting tools.
- C) striations
5. Small boulders carried along underneath the glacier provide the abrasive power to cut trough-like glacial ______.
- A) grooves
6. ______is the set of processes that breaks down the rock in place, no movement is involved.
- B) weathering
7. As soon as a rock particle (loosened by the weathering processes) is transported somewhere else, that process is called ______.
- A) erosion
8. ______is simply movement down slope due to gravity.
- D) mass wasting
9. ______involves a chemical change in at least some of the minerals within a rock during its break down.
- B) chemical weathering
10. ______involves physically breaking rocks into fragments without changing the chemical make-up of the minerals within it.
- A) mechanical weathering
11. ______is the breakdown of the rock in place (in situ
- B) Weathering
12. ______is the transportation of this loose material mainly by water, but also by wind (Aeolian), ice and gravity.
- A) Erosion
13.______weathering involves a chemical change in at least some of the minerals within a rock during its break down.
- C) Chemical
14.______weathering involves physically breaking rocks into fragments without changing the chemical make-up of the minerals within it.
- D) Mechanical
15. ______is an example of mechanical weathering produced by the action of plants roots breaking up rocks.
- D) Root wedging
16. ______is an example of mechanical weathering produced by the freezing and thawing of water.
- B) Frost wedging
17. ______- Organic matter (The uppermost horizon in many soil profiles.)
- C) O Horizon
18. ______- Dark-colored layer of mixed mineral and organic matter (typically dark in color because of the humus present)
- B) A Horizon
19. ______- Light-colored layer marked by removal of soluble material ( typically grayish in color because it contains little humus, more common in acidic soils of evergreen forests).
- A) E Horizon
20. ______- Maximum accumulation of clay minerals (Brownish or reddish in color because of the presence of iron hydroxides from transported horizons above.
- E) B Horizon
21. ______- Weathered parent rock.
- D) C Horizon
TRUE OR FALSE
22. Suspended load is sediment that is moved along the bottom of a stream, mainly boulder cobbles and pebbles are pushed by the water.
- FALSE
23. The sand grains are also pushed along the bottom of a river by a process called saltation (jumping).
- TRUE
24. Bedload is the sediment that is carried in suspension by a flowing stream of water, the sediment here is mainly silt and clay.
- FALSE
25. Dissolved load - soluble materials that are carried on top of the stream along with floating organic matter.
- TRUE
QUIZ 8 and 10
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. When all the grains in a rock are roughly the same size, the rock is said to be ______.
- B) well sorted
2. Sediment that is carried and deposited by the wind is known as ______sediment.
- E) eolian
3. The figure above shows what type of sedimentary rock?
- B) biogenic
4. A ______is a sedimentary deposit that forms where a stream enters a standing body of water.
- A) delta
5. ______is the reduction of pore space in sediment as a result of the weight of the overlying sediments.
- B) compaction
6. A turbulent, gravity driven flow consisting of water and sediment is known as a ______.
- C) turbidity current
7. Which of the following is a type of sedimentary rocks formed by the precipitation of minerals dissolved in a lake, river, or seawater?
- C) chemical
8.
According to the figure above, ______is the temperature at which melting starts.
- D) 800ºC
9. ______refers to the range of sediment grain sizes in a rock. Well ______means the grain sizes in the rock are all the same, whereas poorly ______means there is a wide range of sizes represented.
- B) Sorting, sorted, sorted
10. ______refers to how close the grains are to being perfectly spherical. The range of ______is from angular to round.
- C) Roundness, roundness
TRUE/FALSE
11. Mudcracks are sedimentary structures that are formed in wet/dry environments.
- TRUE
12. A semi-enclosed body of coastal water where fresh water mixes with marine water is known as a delta.
- FALSE
13. The figure above shows a sedimentary structure that is formed by wind.
- FALSE
14. Coal is a classified as a chemical sedimentary rock.
- FALSE
15. Metamorphic rocks can occur from sedimentary and igneous rocks.
- TRUE
FILL IN THE BLANK
16, ______is the process in which substances dissolved in pore water are precipitated out and join grains together. CEMENTATION
17. Most of the sediment on land is transported by ______. WATER/RIVERS
18. Seasonal lakes that form in arid areas are known as ______. PLAYAS
19. ______grade metamorphic rocks are changed under temperatures of less than 400°C and pressures of less than 400MPa. LOW
20. Rocks that are metamorphosed at temperatures and pressures higher than 400°C and 400MPa respectively are known as ______grade metamorphic rocks. HIGH
21. ______is the metamorphic rock that results from the metamorphism of limestone. MARBLE
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