Fungi and Animals
1) T/F All fungi are multicellular. Most fungi are multicellular but not all
2) T/F Fungi are more related to animals than plants.
3) Define the following:
Saprobic:eat dead mater
Parasitic:plant pathogens
Mutualistic:both organisms associated Ex. lichen (algae and fungi)
4) What are the two kinds of hyphae and how are they different?
Septate –walls between nuclei Coenocytic – no walls
5) What are haustoria?
Projections of hyphae
6) Which is better: longer or thicker hyphae? Why?
Longer because it creates more surface area to absorb nutrients
7) Explain reproduction with hyphae (include plasmogamy and karyogamy).
Two 1n hyphae join together by plasmogamy creating dinucleated hyphae, which is 1n + 1n. The nuclei fuse by karyogamy creating 2n hyphae.
8) Give characteristics for the following groups of fungi:
CytridsZygomycetesGlomeromycetes
*Most important details are in the lecture notes, but be sure to check your book!
AscomycetesBasidiomycetesDeuteromycetes
*Most important details are in the lecture notes, but be sure to check your book!
9) What are mycorrhizae and how are they advantageous to fungi and plants?
The association of fungus with plant. The fungus gets products of photosynthesis and the plant increases its surface area for water and nutrient absorption.
10) Animals are:
a)unicellular heterotrophs
b)multicellular heterotrophs
c)unicellular autotrophs
d)multicellular autotrophs
11) T/F Animals have cell walls. Animals do not have cell walls
12) Draw or describe the animal cell reproduction starting with the zygote.
Starts with a zygote and gets cleaved to an 8 cell stage. Then it goes to a blastula. The blastula invaginates to create the gastrula by gastrulation. This creates the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
13) What is a blastocoel?
The hollow part of the blastula and still present in the gastrula
14) What parts of the body do the following parts form?
Ectoderm:skin, nervous system
Mesoderm:musculature
Endoderm:organs (some), digestive tract
15) What is important about the Cambrian explosion?
Increases diversity and most of the modern body plans existed because of it
16) What are some possible causes for the Cambrian explosion?
Ecological – predator-prey relationship (increased diversity by natural selection)
Geological – oxygen in the atmosphere
Genetic – Hox genes
17) Draw or describe how the body plan grades (tissues, body symmetry, body cavity, and developmental plan) are connected.
Tissues: No (sponges), Yes Body Symmetry: Radial (Cnidarians), Bilateral Coelom: Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates, Coelomates Mouth=Blastopore (Protostome) or Anus=Blastopore (Deuterostome)
18) What is the difference between radial and bilateral symmetry?
Radial – Identical all the way around, diploblastic
Bilateral – left and right sides, front and back, cephalization, triploblastic
19) What are the 3 body layers? What is coelom?
Coelomates, Pseudocoelomates, Acoelomates
Coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity
20) What are the major characteristics of Protostomes?
The mouth forms first, determinate cleavage, spiral cleavage (you don’t need to know much about spiral cleavage)