Name:Date:

FINAL EXAM REVIEW

Academic Bio

Chapter 1 – What is Science?

1.Describe the basic steps of the scientific method

  1. Begins with -
  2. Leads to a statement of the
  3. Hypothesis – which is written as an
  4. Experimentation –
  5. Results are -
  6. Conclusion – answers or revises the

2.If a hypothesis cannot be proven wrong after repeated experiments, a is developed

3.Differentiate between the 2 types of observations & give examples

  1. Qualitative -
  2. Quantitative -

4.Identify the parts of a controlled experiment:

  1. Control Group -
  2. Experimental Group -

i.Independent/Manipulated Variable -

ii.Dependent/Responding Variable -

iii.Constants -

5.Define Biology -

6.Identify the characteristics and needs of living organisms:

  1. Characteristics -
  2. Needs -

7.Define homeostasisand give some examples-

8. Define and name the processes involved in metabolism -

9.What types of graphs do you use with which set of data?

  1. % -
  2. Change over time -
  3. Discrete information -

Chapter 3 – Chemistry

10.Define Atom -

11.Using a periodic table to identify atomic # and atomic mass -

12.Name the parts of an atom, what type of charge each has, and where they are located in an atom. -

13.What parts of atom are involved in forming bonds?

14.Compare the types of bonds: ionic, covalent, hydrogen

15.What is a molecule and give an example.

16.Describe the structure of water. What does it mean that water is a polar molecule? How does this lead to its unique properties?

17.Describe the properties of water & relate to its polarity:

  1. Cohesion -
  2. Adhesion -
  3. Universal Solvent -
  4. Density -
  5. Liquid Range -

18.Describe the 4 types of organic compounds and what each provides.

  1. Carbohydrate -
  2. Lipid -
  3. Protein -
  4. Nucleic Acid -

19.What occurs in a chemical reaction?

20.What are enzymes? What is their function?

21.Identify each of the following terms:

  1. Active site -
  2. Substrate -
  3. Enzyme-substrate complex -
  4. Activation Energy -

22.What is denaturing? What happens to an enzyme when it denatures? Why?

Chapters7, 8 & 9 – Cells, Homeostasis & Metabolism

23.Discuss how to properly use & handle the microscope.

24.Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and give an example of each

25.What are the functions of the parts of a cell which we have discussed:

  1. Nucleus -
  2. Mitochondria -
  3. Cell membrane -
  4. Cell wall -
  5. Ribosome -
  6. Chloroplast -
  7. Chromosome -

26.What is the difference between plant and animal cells? Why are they different?

27.Name the levels of organization in order from simplest to most complex

28. Compare uni- and multicellular organisms including make-up, specialization, and division of labor -

29.Identify the role of each of the following organs and systems:

  1. Circulatory system/Heart -
  2. Stomach -
  3. Small intestine -
  4. Liver -
  5. Urinary System -
  6. Lungs -
  7. Pancreas -
  8. Reproductive System -

30.Describe the structure of the cell membrane

31.Compare diffusion & osmosis

32.Know comparison words – hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic when talking about osmosis.

33.How do cells in a multicellular organism communicate with each other? Relate this to the structure of the cell membrane.

34.What is ATP? What is its function in a cell?

35.Photosynthesis is the process by which make as the main product. A useful by-product of this process is . In order for photosynthesis to occur, organisms need , and .

36.Cellular respiration is a process where organisms produce as the main product and as byproducts. To do this, organisms need and to produce the maximum amount of energy.

Chapter 13 – DNA and RNA

37.Describe the structure of DNA -

38.Describe the structure of RNA –

39.What is a codon? What does it code for?

40.Identify the steps involved in DNA replication, including the functions of the enzymes

41.Identify what occurs in the processes of protein synthesis and where in the cell each occurs

  1. transcription -
  2. translation-

42.Define mutations

43.What is the relationship between a chromosome, a gene and DNA?

Chapter 10 - Cell Cycle

44.As a cell grows larger increases faster than .

45.Why do cells divide instead of growing: 2 reasons

46.Explain what occurs in the events of the cell cycle at each stage – general overview! :

  1. Interphase (G1, S phase, G2) -
  2. M-phase (Mitosis and Cytokinesis) -
  3. Know what forms between an animal cell and a plant cell during cytokinesis -

47.What is cancer? What are some of the causes of cancer?

48.What are stem cells? What do scientists hope to use them for?

49.Differentiate between chromatin, sister chromatids, and chromosomes.

Chapter 11 - Meiosis

50.Define meiosis. Why does it need to occur? -

51.Define homologous chromosomes.

52.What is the difference between diploid vs. haploid? – whatdoes (N) and (2N) mean?

53.What is formed during gamete production – male & females?

54.What is a zygote? What process forms a zygote?

55.Describe the differences between mitosis and meiosis in terms of # of chromosomes present at each stage and the # of chromosomes in the final cells produced

Chapter 12 - Genetics

56.What is the difference between homo- and heterozygous?

57.Know how to determine genotype and phenotype -

58.Differentiate between:

  1. Incomplete dominant -
  2. Codominant -
  3. Multiple alleles -

59.Know how to work through a punnett square problem(monohybrid and dihybrid crosses)& answer probability questions.

60.Know how to do a blood type Punnett squares

61.Be able to read a pedigree.

62.What is a sex-linked trait? Who is most likely to inherit it? Whom did that individual inherit it from?

Chapters 16 & 17 - Evolution

63.Define evolution

64.What is the smallest level that is able to evolve?

65.Compare natural selection & artificial selection

66.What do we mean by “fitness”?

67.Discuss the 4 parts of Darwin’s theory ofEvolution by Natural selection

68.What are adaptations? Give some examples.

69.What is meant by descent with modification? What does this imply?

70.Describe how each of the following is used to support evolution:

  1. Fossils -
  2. Homologous structures -
  3. Vestigial structures -
  4. DNA -
  5. Embryology -

71.Distinguish between micro- and macroevolution.

72.What is speciation? Explain how it occurs.

73.Compare convergent and divergent evolution.

Chapter 18 - Classification

74.Identify the 6 Kingdoms – main characteristics and examples.

Chapters 4, 5, & 6 – Ecosystems & Populations

75.Define & compare the following terms:

  1. Population -
  2. Community -
  3. Ecosystem -

76.Compare producers (autotrophs) vs. consumers (heterotrophs) -

77.In a food chain, energy flows from a to a ______of energy is passed from one trophic level to the next.

78.Draw a 5-step food chain and identify the producer, and consumers -

79.Energy pyramids – why are they always pyramid shaped? -

80.Describe the relationship between photosynthesis & respiration, how they are related to each other in an ecosystem, and what kinds of organisms do each -

81.Limiting factors – define and give examples. -

82.Compare and contrast exponential vs. logistic growth (definition, S-curves vs. J-curves, presence or absence of limiting factors, etc.)

83.Define and identify carrying capacity -

84.What is biological magnification and why does it occur? -

85.Describe and give examples of the different types of community interactions:

  1. Predation -
  2. Symbiosis -
  3. Herbivory -
  4. Competition -

86.Describe “niche” -

87.What is the competitive exclusion principle?

88.How does biodiversity affect community stability?

89.How do water and oxygen/carbon dioxide move through ecosystems?

Practice Questions:

90.Using the atom to the right answer the following questions:

a.What is the atomic number of this atom? ______

b.What is the atomic mass of this atom? ______

c.How many protons does this atom have? _____

d.How many neutrons does this atom have? _____

e.How many electrons does this atom have? _____

91.Look at the diagram below. Label the following: enzyme, substrate, enzyme-substrate complex, products, active site.

  1. Does this diagram show a synthesis or a hydrolysis reaction? How do you know?

92.Using this original strand of DNA TACTTTCCTGGAACT answer the following:

a.What will the mRNA strand look like:

b.How many codons make up this mRNA?

c. What amino acids would make up this protein?

93.Identify the parts of a chromosome:

94. Look at the karyotype below and answer the questions:

a. What disorder does this

individual have?

b. Is this person male or

female? How do you know?

95.Freckles (H) are dominant to no freckles (h). Draw a Punnett Square showing the cross between a mother with no freckles and a father who is heterozygous. What is the probability of them having a child with no freckles?

96.A mother is heterozygous for type A blood. The father is heterozygous for type B blood. What is the probability of them having a child with Type A Blood? Type B? Type AB? Type O?

97.A woman who is heterozygous for freckles and heterozygous for dimples marries a man who is does not have freckles but is heterozygous for dimples. Show the cross between these 2 individuals and the probabilities of the various combinations in their children.

98.Examine the pedigree below. Is the trait being studied dominant or recessive? Explain how you know.

99.What kind of structure is shown in the pictures below:

100.Identify the step of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection show in the picture frames below:

101.Use the food web below to answer the questions that follow:

  1. Name the producer in the food web.
  1. Draw a 4-step food chain from the food web given.
  1. If the evergreen tree makes 1,000 calories worth of food energy, how much energy will the bird get?
  1. If a toxic chemical was sprayed on the tree, which organism would have the highest concentration of the chemical in its body?
  1. What process is question “d” referring to?