GuessPaper – 2009
Class – X
Subject –English
Modals
Ability------can, could, able to
1. Can he swim? 2. My brother could swim when he was two.
3. I couldn’t find my keys this morning.
4. I could have run faster, but I didn’t want others to get tired.
5. He was able to speak to Ann before she left.
6. She has not been able to walk since the accident.
7. Will people be able to live on the moon one day, do you think?
POSSIBILITY------could, may, might, can
1. Could/Might you have lost it on the way home?
2. She may/might/could be ill. I’ll phone her.
3. I may have/might have left my purse in the shop.
4. Amy might/may know the answer.
5. I might/may not go if I’m tired.
6. He might have enjoyed the party if he’d gone.
7. It can get very cold in here at night.
PERMISSION------can, could, may
1. Can we come in?
2. Could we possibly stay at your flat?
3. Staff may take their break between 12 and 2.(written) 4. May I sit here?(formal)
PROHIBITION------must not, may not, cannot
1. You mustn’t tell her anything. 2. You can’t get up until you are better.
3. Crockery may not be taken out of the canteen.(written)
4. You must not begin until I tell you. (Formal)
OBLIGATION------have (got) to, must
1. All visitors must report to reception on arrival. (written)
2. I must get that report finished today.
3. Do you have to write your name on the form today?
4. She had to throw the burnt cake away. 5. You will have to wait, I’m afraid.
ADVICE AND CRITICISM------ought to, should
1. Ought we to/Should we write and thank him?
2. She ought to/should go out more often.
3. You ought to/have/should have gone to bed earlier.
4. You shouldn’t borrow the car without asking.
5. I ought to/should go on a diet. 6. I ought to have/should have asked her first.
ASSUMPTIONS AND DEDUCTIONS------will, should, must, can’t
1. That will be James-he’s often early. 2. The book should be interesting.
3. There must be a leak. 4. You must have dialed the wrong number.
5. You can’t have finished already!
REQUESTS------can, could, will, would
1. Can you pass me the dictionary? 2. Could you help me with my translation?
3. Will you buy me an ice cream, Mum? 4. Would you type this letter for me, please?
Note: Could and Would are more formal than can and will.
OFFERS AND SUGGESTIONS-----shall, will
1. Shall I do the washing up? 2. Shall we go now?
3. I’ll take you to the airport.
PRACTICE MATERIALS TEACHER: M.K.SHARMA
Fill in the blanks using suitable modals:
1. Postmaster: ………….you go and deliver this post just now?
Postman: I………….only deliver it sir, if I get somebody’s bicycle today.
Postmaster: You…………take my bicycle.
Postman: Thank you, sir.
Postmaster: You …………..immediately go now with the post and return soon since there is an urgent work to do.
Postman: This post contains more than 20 letters and five parcels, sir. So it……….take more than one hour for distribution.
Postmaster: But try to be quick. the work is urgent. It ……… not wait.
2. Receptionist: Good morning. ………I help you?
Visitor : Good morning. We are planning to visit Solan. ………….you direct uson how to get there?
Receptionist: ………………………you like to go by taxi or you…………..like to go by bus?
Visitor : We ………..like to go by bus.
Receptionist: That is easy. Buses go from here to all the places around. But you can’t enjoy the visit. You …………better take a taxi.
3. Student : Madam, may I come in?
Teacher : Where were you? You………..be in the class at the right time.
Student : Sorry madam, I ………..not get the right bus.
Teacher : O.K., but you……………not repeat it in future.
Student : I…………..not repeat so. Kindly, forgive me this time.
Teacher : You………..have started earlier.
Student :Madam, in future I………………..
4. An average child…………speak clearly by the time he/she is three or four years old. Some children at this stage …………..experience some difficulties. As a caring parent you …………many things. Read to the child………….whenever you…………but you………. never do this in a tense, ;loud voice. The child………….know that you love him/her.
5. Accidents…………. happen anywhere and………….result in injuries. Correct first aid at the earlier stage………….. mean a difference between life and death. It………… prevent any permanent loss. A Knowledge of what………. be done in such cases till the doctor arrives……… always be helpful to the common man.
6. Persons who…………….. remain on outdoor shootings…………. be given a chance to go abroad.
But they………… have their passport ready. They………… get a free ticket for………..one of their family members, if only their passports………….be arranged. The company would
provide them spare dollars so the members………… take foreign exchange with them. If they do
so they will ………… declare them at the checking counter. They ………get into unnecessary trouble
this way.
7. Milk is a complete food, full of vitamins and proteins. Children …………drink it regularly other-wise they……………suffer from under-nourishment. Elders…………..also take it but those
who ………..not afford it…………..take pulses, fruits and vegetables as an alternative. We …………
purchase milk of good quality from milk booths opened by the government.
8. Rashmi : Papa, we have long autumn vacations. We …………..visit our grandmother who
has called us many times.
Papa :My programme is not certain so far. It…………..be clear by the weekend.We……….leave the station after that only.
Rashmi : ……….. we take our puppy with us?
Papa : You……….if you so like.
Mother : No. You …………not. It ………..be a cause of trouble to the whole family there.
Rashmi : That is my responsibility. You know it…………not act my wishes.
9. Guddu : Mother, …………..I go to market?
Mother : No. you……….not.
Guddu : It is urgent, so I ……….go.
Mother : It ………rain, so you………..not go lest you………….get wet.
10. If we sit in an incorrect posture it…………strain our back. As far as possible this………….be
avoided. If the posture becomes a part of habit, a low back pain invariably develops. It……...be cured
if we become conscious of our posture. We …………also take time out to perform a few exercises. If
the exercises are done regularly, the backache……………..certainly be cured. It …………also
improve blood circulation within the spine.
TUTOR:MADAN KUMAR SHARMA, TGT (English)
CLAUSE
CLAUSE: a group of words that includes a subject and a verb, and forms a sentence or part of a sentence. In the sentence ‘They often go to Italy because they love the food’, ‘They often go to Italy’ is the main clause and ‘because they love the food’ is a subordinate clause.
Three types of clauses:
I. Principal Clause/Main Clause:It is that part of sentence which has its own Subject and
Predicate and can make out its complete meaning by itself: I lost the book which I bought
yesterday.
II. Subordinate Clause:It is that part of sentence which has its own Subject and Predicate.
It can also give a meaning but to make out its complete sense it depends upon the Principal
Clause in the sentence: I do not know where she lives.
Types of Subordinate Clause:
i. Noun Clause
ii. Adjective/Relative Clause
(a ). Defining Clause
(b)Non- defining clause
iii. Adverb Clause
III. Coordinate clause: these clauses are joined by some coordinating conjunctions. Being of
equal status with the main clause they are independent: He worked hard still he failed.
Relative Clauses
Defining Relative Clauses
Defining Relative Clauses define or identify which person or thing you are talking about:
1. The man who came in late is the boss.
There is no comma before a defining clause. The pronouns that you use in these clauses are who, whom, that and which. They are called relative pronouns.
1. Use who or thatwhen the subject is a person:
The man who came in late is the boss. or The man that came in late is the boss.
2. Use that or whichwhen the subject is a thing:
I sit at the desk that faces the window. or I sit at the desk which faces the window.(formal)
3. Use that, who, whom, or no relative pronoun when the object is a person:
She’s the girl who/that I met last night. or She’s the girl I met last night. or She’s the
girl whom I met last night.
4. Use that, which, or no relative pronoun when the object is a thing:
I’ve finished the book that you lent me. or I’ve finished the book you lent me.
or I’ve finished the book which you lent me. (formal)
Note: That, who and which can be left out when the thing or person is the object of
the verb.
5. Use whose to show that something belongs to somebody:
He helped a woman whose car had broken down.
They are the people whose house was burgled.
Whose is not usually used to refer to a thing. Of which is usually used instead:
He’s reading the book, the name of which I can never remember.
but it is more natural to say:
He’s reading the book-I can never remember its name….
Non-defining relative clauses
Non- defining relative clauses add extra information about somebody or something which could be left and the sentence would still make sense. This extra information is separated from the main clause by commas:
This film, which was shot in Mexico, has won an Oscar.
The pronouns that can be used in non-defining clauses are who, whom, which and whose
1. Use who when the subject is a person:
My sister, who is a vegetarian, ordered a salad.
2. Use which when the subject is a thing:
The tickets, which can be bought at the station, are valid for a month.
3. Use who or whom when the object is a person:
Ranjan, who nobody had met before, arrived late. or
Ranjan, whom nobody had met before, arrived late. (formal)
4. Use which when the object is a thing:
The tickets, which I’ve paid for, are still valid.
5. Use whose when something belongs to somebody:
Ravi, whose car had broken down, didn’t go.
RELATIVE CLAUSES AND PREPOSITIONS
In spoken English a preposition in a relative clause is usually placed at the end of the clause, and the relative pronoun may be omitted. A more formal alternative is to put the preposition before the relative pronoun:
1. when the object is a person:
The man I spoke to was very friendly. Or The man who/thatI spoke to was very friendly.
or The manto whom I spoke to was very friendly. (formal)
2. when the object is a thing:
The house I was born in is gone. or The house that I was born in is gone. or
The house in which I was born in is gone.
PRACTICE MATERIAL TUTOR: M. K. SHARMA, TGT (ENG)
Complete the following using clauses given below:
1.
that she should hide; how to escape from them; where he should goThe city was torn with riots. The old man did not know the place (a)………………along
with his daughter. Since the house was surrounded by rioters, he even did not know
(b)……………….. He, therefore, told his daughter(c)……………..somewhere, anywhere.
2.
Where there was ample sunlight; what she had learnt; that plants need lightHer plants were not looking normal. She remembered (a)………………in her lower classes
(b)………………for normal growth. She therefore, shifted the pot to the centre of her
courtyard(c) ………………………
3
. how art can be protected; where he housed; which was establishedPaul Getty who was a billionaire, was a master at two things-making money and collecting art. he opened a museum in Malibu(a)………….. his small collection of French furniture, objects and paintings. The museum, (b)………………in 1953, began to grow in importance during his lifetime. Indian collectors should learn (c)………………..from Paul Getty who left a large sum of $700 million for his museum.
4.
that the newspaper has a man or woman; which were foreseen; where they come fromIf you look at a newspaper you will see that most of the items of news indicate (a)……………
At the head of some them is printed: From our own correspondent. This means (b)…………….
belonging to the staff covering certain happenings(c) ……………., so that correspondents could be sent to cover them.
5.
where our interest lies; that the newspapers ca lot; what the newspapers serve to themFor Delhites the day begins with (a)……………The newspapers focus on those areas (b)……….
………… There is no doubt (c)…………………..in forming people’s opinion.
6.
how you say them; If you are addressing; what you want to say(a)…………………. a group, you should prepare in advance (b)…………….. The words you choose and (c)……………… also may make the difference between your success and failure.
7.
that they have supported; which enable older people; where they can improve the quality of their lifeHelpage India supports projects (a)………………… to remain independent at centres (b)……
…………….. . The agency says(c) ………………. a number of projects such as rehabilitation and income generating schemes for the welfare of the old people.
8.
how he was killed; who was an inspiring leader; which was a serious blowThe general (a)…………….was killed by a stray bullet in the early stages of the battle. His death (b)…………….to the soldiers’ morale, stunned everyone in the country. The news of (c)………
…………………, was given by a shepherd.
9.
which soon grew into a big tree; where she saw the Lion King; what the Lion King had saidMary went to the toy shop (a)…………….., Teddy Bear and many other dolls. The Lion King gave her a seed and told her to plant it in a pot of soil. She came home. She remembered (b)…………. . She planted the seed (c)…………………. .
10.
what her mother had asked her to bring; where she saw many shops; which displayed several dressesAnita went to the market (a)……………. . She stopped at a shop (b)………………………. . But unfortunately she had forgotten (c)…………….from the shop.
11.
which I gave her; she was talking about; who sits next to MeenaThe girl (a)…………………….is Rani. She is reading a book (b)………………on her birthday. This is the book (c)………………………………………………………. .
12.
that the Emperor should hear a story; where he had built a palace; How he should pass his timeAkbar lived at Fatehpur Sikri (a)……………………. .Once he fell ill. He was advised complete rest by his doctors. Being an active man he disliked lying in bed all the time. (b)…………………worried him the most. The doctors suggested (c)………………………………every evening.
13.
where his friend lived; that there was nothing in the bag; what he had brought for himIt took almost the whole day for Sudama to reach the palace(a)…………………… . He carried a bag with him. Seeing a bag in Sudama’s hands, his friend, Krishna asked (b)………………..in the bag. Sudama humbly told him
(c)………………..except his clothes.
14.
when cheap atomic energy is made available; that the earth’s supply of fresh waterScientists have warned (a)………………..is fast running out. Attempts have been made to convert sea water into fresh water, but that is very costly. The cost will be reduced (b)……………….. on a large scale.
15.
where his friend lived; what he has brought for him; that there were gold coinsIt took almost the whole day for Ali Baba to reach the cave (a )………………. . He carried a bag with him. Seeing a bag in Ali Baba’s hands, his friend, Sabir asked (b)……………..in the bag. He said the (c)…………..in it.
16.
that it will be exhausted; which is a mine of mineral wealthWe have dug out gold from the earth to an extent (a)…………………. any time now. The sea, (b)…………………
including gold, should therefore be explored.
17.
because it contains; which can provide; that milk is beneficialDieticians are of the opinion (a)………………………….for children (b)…………………….calcium, protein and vitamin A. But after the age of ten there are other foods (c)……………………..all these nutrients.
18.
which make us bleed; when a bone is broken; when a sharp thing goes(a)…………………………we call it a fracture, but (b)………………through our skin, it cuts some blood vessels (c)……………………………… .
19.
how many events were held there; how the organizers managed; what he had doneNaveen asked Bobby (a)…………….. during the weekend. Bobby told him that he had a marvelous time. He had gone to see the National Athletic Meet. Naveen enquired (b)…………………… . Bobby told him that there were several events such as relay races, discuss throw and shot put etc. Expressing surprise, Naveen inquired (c)…………………….so many events.
20.
which make housing difficult for the poor; that poor suffer the most; how to cut down the cost of housingThe finding of a Housing Study shows (a)……………….. . The lack of resources, rising cost of material and land are the problems (b)………………… . The Government’s worry is (c)………………..so that the poor can buy houses.
21.
what I can do for you; where I can contact you; what is your programmeA : Could you tell me (a)……………………………….. this evening?
B : Nothing special, please tell me (b)…………………..since I can certainly spare some time.