BIOL 255 SI, Molly
EXAM 4 REVIEW, 11/14/16
Unit 4A
1) Blood circulates away from the heart via______. This blood can be deoxygenated at times and also oxygen-______at other times. The main point is that ______carries blood ______from the______.
2) Blood circulates back to the heart via______. This blood can be ______-rich at times and also ______at other times. The main point is that ______bring blood ______to the______.
3) Blood will clot when there is no ______present and this produces ______and the blood______. The ______blood cells form the ______by using the ______that was present in the______, so the serum has fewer ______than plasma.
4) The extracellular fluids include blood ______(which has more ______than lymph or ______fluids), which are fluids found ______red blood cells, ______blood cells, and ______that are suspended in______. The ______in blood plasma helps pull ______back into the______.
5) In the production of formed elements of the blood, ______is the formation of blood cells which takes place in the ______bone marrow. Here red blood cell production is referred to as______. The presence of reticulocytes, which are ______red blood cells, indicates that ______is taking place, while production of White Blood Cells is referred to as______.
6) In a Red Blood Cell count there are ___-___million Red Blood Cells percubic millimetres, which is about the size of the head of a pin. The number of reticulocytes increase with rapid erythropoiesis, normally ____-____%.
7) Before birth, blood cell formation takes place in the fetal ______sac, liver, and______. By the 7th month, red bone marrow is the primary ______area. The fetus has Hemoglobin F (HbF) in its RBC which has a ______affinity to oxygen than Adult hemoglobin (HbA). This allows oxygen transfer from maternal Hb___ to fetal Hb___.
4B
8) The left coronary artery, which is located in the artioventricular groove or ______sulcus, supplies ______blood to the ______artery and the anterior ______artery, which is located in the ______groove or sulcus.
9) The right ventricle pumps blood to the ______trunk and on to the lungs via pulmonary______, while the left ventricle, which has a much thicker ______because it pumps blood to the______, distributes blood to the coronary ______and ______circulation.
10) In the sequence of excitation, the ______(SA) node generates an impulse about 75 times a minute, which stimulate the atria to ______and the impulse is passed to the ______(AV) node. The AV node ______the impulse for approximately 0.1 second, then the impulse passes from the AV node to the ______via the atrioventricular(AV) bundle, often referred to as the Bundle of______.
11) An age related change that affects the heart is ______, which makes valves tougher and stiffer and also thickens the valve______. There is also a ______in cardiac reserve and fibrosis or ______of the cardiac muscle, and finally atherosclerosis in which ______build up within the coronary______.
12) The heart is derived from______.
4C
13) Fluids escaping the circulatory system are returned by the ______vessels.
14) Large arteries like the aorta are elastic or ______arteries. There is not a lot of vasoconstriction taking place. These are ______walled and have less ______muscle in the tunica media layer. They allow ______resistance conduction of blood and can withstand and diminish large blood ______fluctuations.
15) Arterioles, which are smaller______, have less ______fibers and are thinner and ______muscle. Arterioles regulate blood flow into ______by vasoconstriction or______.
16) The functions of the capillaries are: ______of oxygen and carbon dioxide by______, ______of nutrients, and ______and removal of ______wastes.
4D
17) Lymphoid cells are mainly lymphocytes ___cells and ___cells that protect the body against______, which are anything the body perceives as foreign, such as ______and their toxins, ______, and mismatched transfused RBC or other transplanted ______, as well as cancer cells.
18) T cells orchestrate ______responses in which the T cell, that matures in the ______, attacks and destroys ______cells, while B cells produce ______cells that secrete ______, which are proteins that bind______, tagging them for removal from the body. B cells mature in the bone______.
19) The functions of the lymph nodes are: ______of macrophages (which destroy microorganisms and debris entering via the ______lymphatic vessels) and ______system activation (which monitor for ______and initiate their removal).
20) Lymph nodes have two distinct regions: the ______, which is the outer region, and the ______, which is the inner region. The cortex contains follicles with ______centers where you find ______B cells and ______cells. Housed deep within the cortex are ______cells in transit. These T cells circulate continuously surveying______, lymph ______, and the lymphatic stream.
21) The spleen, which is the ______lymphoid organ, functions are:site of ______proliferation, ______surveillance and response (white pulp area), cleansing of the ______, storage and break down of products of old RBC’s,storage of ______for later use by bone marrow, site of fetal ______production (which normally ceases after birth), and storage of blood ______(red pulp area).
22) Lymphatic organs arise from the ______except the thymus, which is ______in origin. Other than the spleen and the tonsils, lymphoid organs are poorly ______at birth.
4E
23) The respiratory zone is the site of gas ______and consists of______, alveolar ducts, and______. The conducting zone provides a ______for air to reach the ____ of gas change and include other respiratory structure such as the______, nasal cavity, ______, and trachea and also the respiratory muscles such as the ______and other muscles allowing ventilation.
24) Functions of the nasal mucosa and conchae during inhalation are to______, heat, and ______, while during exhalation they reclaim ______and moisture to minimize heat and ______loss.
25) The Nasopharynx lies posterior to the nasal cavity is strictly an air ______, and is lined with ______columnar epithelium. The ______(auditory/Eustachian) tube open into the ______walls of the nasopharynx. While the oropharynx serves as a common passageway for ______and ______and its epithelial lining is composed of protective ______squamous epithelium.
26) The laryngopharynx serves as a common passageway for ______and ______, and is continuous with the______. It has 3 functions: to provide a patent______, provide a ______mechanism to route air and food into proper channels with the use of the______(which is elastic cartilage covering the laryngeal inlet during______), and ______production.
27) Vocal ligaments attach the ______cartilage to the ______cartilage, which are lined with mucosal folds called ______vocal cords. The medial opening between them is the ______and these vibrate to produce ______as air rushes up from the______. The false vocal cords, or ______fold, are the mucosal folds ______to the true vocal cords. The ______vocal cords play no part in sound______, but close the glottis when swallowing or holding your______.
28) Speech is produced with the ______release of expired air while opening and closing the______. Pitch is determined by the length and ______of the vocal cords, along with the bigger/smaller the thyroid cartilage the lower/higher the voice. Loudness depends upon the ______of air rushing across the vocal cords. The pharynx resonates, ______, and enhances sound quality.
29) The bronchial tree is composed of the larynx, trachea, ______, and______. The right and left ______begin at the last tracheal cartilage, which is referred to as the ______. The bronchi subdivide into ______bronchi, each supplying a lobe of the lungs, and then subdivide again to form ______bronchi.
30) Bronchioles consist of ______epithelium with a complete layer of circular ______muscle and lack ______support and ______producing cells. The last segment of the bronchioles as they enter the respiratory zone are referred to as ______bronchioles where they feed into the ______bronchioles defined by the present of______.
31) The alveolar wall is a single layer of type I epithelial cells that permit ______exchange by simple ______and also secrete ______converting enzyme that helps ______blood pressure when needed. Additionally, type II cells secrete ______which reduces surface ______on the alveoli and allow them to stay ______and expanded.
32) Peripheral chemoreceptors at the ______and ______bodies detect the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide to ______respiration via the______.
33) The medullary respiratory centers contain the D______R______G______(DRG), which is the ______respiratory center. It ______the inspiratory muscles and sets the normal breathing rate (referred to as______) and is ______during expiration. Also located here is the V______R______G______(VRG), which is the ______area involved in ______inspiration and expiration.
34) The pons respiratory centers ______and ______the activity of the medullary centers by ______the transitions between inspirations and______. The pneumotaxic area continuously ______inspiration centers. The apneustic area ______inspiration centers as in the case of taking a long ______breath.