Chapter 9 Notes______
Study daily!!
Section One
1. America’s first president was ______. His vice president was _____
______.
2. On April 30, 1789, Washington was ______, or sworn in, as president.
3. The Constitution created a court system but left it to Congress to decide the number of ______.
4. To create a court system, Congress passed the ______of 1789.
- gave the Supreme Court ______members: a chief justice, or ______, and five associate justices.
- also provided for other lower, less powerful federal ______.
5. Washington appointed ______, the prominent New York lawyer and diplomat, as chief ______.
6. The president had the power to ______heads of departments, who were to assist the president with many issues and problems he had to face.
7. These heads of departments became his ______.
8. Washington’s Cabinet:
- Secretary of War ______
- Secretary of State ______
- Secretary of the Treasure ______
- Attorney General ______
9. Alexander Hamilton faced the task of straightening out the nation’s finances, which included a national debt of ______.
10. In 1790, Hamilton presented his financial plan to Congress. He proposed three steps:
- paying off all ______debts
- raising government ______
- creating a national ______
11. ______differences arose over repayment of war debts. As a compromise to approve Hamilton’s plan, Northerners agreed to place the new nation’s capital in the ______, on the Potomac River between Virginia and ______.
12. The secretary of the treasury favored ______, or taxes on ______goods. They served two purposes: raising money for the ______and encouraging the growth of American ______.
13. The national bank would give the government a safe place to keep its ______, make ______to businesses and government, and issue bank ______, or paper money that can be used as ______.
14. The Constitution’s writers had tried to make the document general enough so that it would be ______, but this led to disagreements over the document’s ______.
15. The debate over Hamilton’s national bank exposed differences on how to ______
the Constitution. Jefferson and Madison believed in the ______construction of the Constitution. Hamilton favored a ______construction.
16. Hamilton argued that the ______clause grants Congress the “necessary and proper” means to carry out the powers it is granted from the Constitution.
Section Two
17. Washington considered military ______as trouble brewed in the Trans-Appalachian West, the land between the ______Mountains and the Mississippi ______.
18. The source of the trouble was competing claims for this land; the U.S., ______, Britain, and ______all had claimed parts of this area as their own.
19. Spain also claimed ______and the Port of ______at the mouth of the Mississippi River. For American settlers in the ______, this port was the key to ______.
20. The strongest resistance to white settlement came from Native Americans in the ______
Territory.
21. In violation of the Treaty of ______(1783), the British still held ______north of the Ohio River. The British supported Native Americans in order to maintain their access to ______in these territories.
22. A force of Native Americans led by ______defeated the American army _____ times. Afterward, Washington sent another army west, led by General “Mad” Anthony ______.
23. Wayne defeated the Native Americans at the Battle of ______.
24. In the Treaty of ______, Native Americans agreed to cede, or ______, much of present-day ______and Indiana to the U.S. government.
25. The government put a ______on whiskey.
26. During the late 1700s, American farmers often turned their grain into ______because it was ______to carry than grain and their customers ______more for whiskey than grain. The farmers also used whiskey as ______to get whatever supplies they needed.
27. In the summer of 1794, a group of farmers in western Pennsylvania staged the ______against the tax.
28. In October 1794, General Henry Lee led an army of 13,000 soldiers into western Pennsylvania to put down the ______.
29. The effect of the Whiskey Rebellion is that Washington had shown that the government had the ______and the will to ______its laws.
30. In April 1793, Washington declared the United States would be ______, not siding with one country or another.
31. In 1792, Britain began seizing the ______of American ships carrying goods from the ______West Indies.
32. After the Battle of Fallen Timbers, the British agreed to give up their ______on the Northwest frontier and later agreed to pay damages for U.S. vessels they had seized when they signed ______
Treaty.
33. In 1795, ______Treaty with Spain gave Americans the right to travel freely on the Mississippi River. It also gave them the right to store goods at the port of ______without paying customs duties.
Section Three
34. A ______is a group of people that tries to promote its ideas and influence government.
35. Jefferson and Madison founded the ______Party and attracted ______and farmers. Hamilton and his friends formed the ______Party, which included Northern ______and manufacturers.
36. Federalists
- strong ______government
- fear of mob rule
- Loose ______(interpretation) of the Constitution
- Favored national ______
- Economy based on manufacturing and shipping
- Supporters: ______, merchants, manufacturers, clergy
37. Democratic-Republicans
- ______national government
- Fear of rule by one person or a powerful few
- ______construction (interpretation) of the Constitution
- Opposed a ______bank
- Economy based on ______
- Supporters: ______, tradespeople
38. In the election of 1796, ______became President and Thomas Jefferson was his vice president.
39. In 1797, the French began seizing U.S. ______to prevent them with trading with the British.
40. Adams sent Charles ______, Elbridge Gerry, and John ______to Paris to meet with the French minister of foreign affairs.
41. After being ignored for 3 weeks, three French agents, later referred to as X, Y, and Z, told the Americans that talks would occur only if America agreed to loan France ______and to pay the minister a ______of $250, 000. This became known as the ______.
42. A Federalist Congress passed the ______in 1798, which increased the waiting period for becoming a U.S. ______from 5 to 14 years, gave the president the power to arrest disloyal ______or order them out of the country during ______, and outlawed ______, saying or writing anything false or harmful about the government.
43. According to the ______theory, states had rights that the federal government could not violate.
44. In the Kentucky Resolutions, Jefferson proposed ______, or the idea that a state could nullify, or do away with, a federal law within that state.
45. In the Virginia Resolutions, Madison said that a state could ______, or place, itself between the federal government and its citizens.
46. When the Democratic Republicans later took control of Congress, the Alien and Sedition Acts were either ______or allowed to expire.
47. In the Convention of 1800, France and the U.S. agreed to stop all ______attacks. This treaty cleared the way for the two countries to sail the ocean in ______.