EOC Review : 2012
1. Fill in the table below:
Macromolecule / What it’s made of / Description/test/useLipid / Glycerol + 3 fatty acids / Fats, oils, waxes; Cell membranes; paper test & Sudan III
Protein / Amino Acids / Hormones, enzymes, muscle; Regulation & structure; Benedict’s
Carbohydrate / Monosaccharides / Starch & sugar; Energy; Iodine & Biuret’s
Nucleic acid / Nucleotides / DNA, RNA, ATP; Info to run the cell or energy transfer
2. What are the characteristics of enzymes? What are enzymes used for?
Made of __proteins_____.
Specific- for one substrate;
Active site- Where the enzyme grabs the substrate
Reusable- Yes, enzymes may be turned off but are never used up.
Reduce the _Activation Energy of a reaction
3. Comparing cells
Prokaryote Eukaryote
Plants ___ Animals
4. Name that cell part!
Organelle / What it does / Found in a:Prokaryote / Eukaryote / Plant / Animal
Nucleus / ñ / ñ / ñ
Mitochondria / Makes ATP by respiration / ñ / ñ / ñ
Chloroplast / Makes glucose by photosynthesis / ñ / ñ
Ribosome / Makes protein by translation / ñ / ñ / ñ / ñ
Cell membrane / Controls what enters and leaves cell / ñ / ñ / ñ / ñ
Cell wall / Structure & support / ñ / ñ / ñ
Cytoplasm / Contains organelles / ñ / ñ / ñ / ñ
Lysosome / Digestion of food, old cell parts & viruses / ñ / ñ / ñ
Vacuole / Storage- very large in plants / ñ / ñ / ñ
Golgi Apparatus / Packaging / ñ / ñ / ñ
5. Virus vs. Bacteria
Use the T-chart below to compare virus & bacteria
Virus Bacteria
1.) How does it reproduce? In a host cell Binary Fission
2.) What is it made of? Protein coat surrounding Cell Structures
A DNA or RNA core
3.) Is it free living or parasitic? Parasitic Both, mostly free living
4.) Is it an autotroph or a heterotroph? Heterotroph Some Heterotrophs,
Some Autotrophs
6. Cell Cycle: Describe what happens in each step of the cell cycle (Interphase through cytokinesis) & make a quick sketch of each.
1. Interphase 4. Anaphase
2. Prophase 5. Telophase
3. Metaphase
Cytokinesis- cytoplasm divides, cell division is complete
7. Diffusion: What is the difference between solutions that are hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic?
Hypertonic- high salt solution; cell loses water
Isotonic- Solution has the same salt concentration as the inside of the cell; no net gain or loss of water
Hypotonic- low salt solution; cell gains water
What is happening to the cells in the picture below and why?
8. Disease: Name 3 ways diseases are spread.
a. by air- droplet sprayed into the air by a cough or sneeze; contaminated air
b. Contaminated food or water
c. Contact with an infected person or a surface or item they have touched
d. Blood to blood- dirty needles or unprotected sex
9. Disease:
What is a pathogen? A disease causing organism
What kinds of things can be pathogens? Virus, bacteria, protozoans
What body system protects us against them? The immune system
10. Cellular Energetics. Use the manipulative at station 1 to help you answer these questions:
a. Photosynthesis occurs in Autotrophs_ in the organelle called the ___chloroplast_____.
b. In photosynthesis, CO2 + _H2O__ and the energy of __sunlight___ make _C6H12O6_ +
(glucose)
__O2___.
c. Respiration occurs in all _organisms_ in the organelle called the __mitochondria___.
d. In respiration, ___ C6H12O6___ + __ O2___ make _ CO2_ + __ H2O _ and make __ATP__ for the cell to use. (glucose)
11. Levels of Organization: Arrange the following terms in order from lowest level of organization to highest in the space beside them.
Atom Tissue
Cell Organ System Atom → Molecule → Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ →
Organelle Organ → Organ system → Organism → Species
Molecule Organism
Species
12. Evolution & Diversity: Define the following terms, & tell how each can be used to understand how organisms developed.
Analogous structure- seem to look alike but the organisms don’t have a common ancestor; They do have a similar environment
Homologous structure- Share some similar features but are adapted to do different things. Found in organisms that do have a common ancestor
Vestigial structure- Does much less in current organisms than it did in an ancestor; so, is much smaller
13. Diversity/ Taxonomy For each of the organisms listed below, give at least three things that help you to tell it apart from all other types of organisms.
Bacteria- prokaryote, unicellular; Archaebacteria- like harsh environments; Eubacteria don’t
Protista- unicellular or multicellular; Autotrophs or Heterotrophs; cell walls in some; includes Protozoans & Algae; sexual & asexual reproduction
Fungi- Unicellular or multicellular; heterotroph- saprophytic or parasitic; cell wall of chitin; sexual & asexual reproduction
Fish- Has a backbone; external fertilization; 2 chambered heart; gills & scales
Plant- multicellular, autotroph, cell walls of cellulose, vegetative & sexual reproduction
Reptile- backbone, leathery egg, 3-31/2 chambered heart, cold blooded, lung, Scales & claws on toes
Mammal- backbone, live birth, 4 chambered heart, warm blooded, lungs, fur or hair & finger nails or claws; feed young with milk
Bird- backbone, feathers, internal fertilization, warm blooded, shelled egg, 4 chambered heart; lungs w/ air sacs
Invertebrate- multicellular; heterotroph, no cell walls, no backbone, cold blooded, sexual & asexual reproduction
14. What are the levels of classification, in order? Domain, Kingdom Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species
15. Cell theory: What does the cell theory say? (Hint: there are three parts to it.)
1) All organisms are made of cells
2) The cell is the basic unit of structure & function in an organism
3) Cells only come from other cells
16. Genetics: Define the following:
Homozygous- The two alleles for the gene are the same; represented by two letters just alike
Heterozygous- The two alleles for the gene are different; represented by two letters of different case (one capital & one lower case) or two entirely different letters
Dominant- The trait that gets expressed; a dominant trait will be seen in a phenotype, (but a recessive one is covered up) It’s represented by a capital letter.
Recessive- The trait that is covered up by the dominant trait; it is only seen if it is homozygous. Its represented by a lower case letter.
Incomplete dominance- When there is no dominant trait; are three possible phenotypes, & the third one is a blend of the other two. It is represented as RR- red, WW- white, & RW- pink
Phenotype- The physical appearance of an individual
Genotype- The genes that an individual has
Co-dominance- When both traits are dominant, and both traits are clearly expressed; ex. a black cow crossed with a white cow produces a black & white spotted cow
Sex-Linked Trait- Traits whose genes are found on the X-chromosome
17. Using what you know about the relationships between organisms, build 1) two food chains, 2) a food web and 3) an energy pyramid.
1)
grass → beetle → frog → fox
acorn→ mouse → wild cat → wolf
2) Wolf Owl
snakes
Rats moles
Birds
Bison grasshoppers squirrels
Grasses leaves nuts seeds berries
3) On your pyramid, label the trophic levels and tell what percent of the energy at each level will transfer to the next level
1