Terms & Names
1. Conservative: usually wealthy property owners and nobility. They argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe. Modern day ‘’rightist’, agree with the government and its laws, and values.
2. Liberal: mostly middle class business leaders and merchants. They wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only the educated and the landowners can cote. Modern day ‘leftists’, favoring laissez faire economics
3. Nationalism: the belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and historyà love to your country, pride
4. Nation-state: When a nation had its own independent government (independent state of country)
5. Realpolitik: or Power politics. Operating according to the belief that politics is based on the pursuit, possession, and application of power
6. Romanticism: A movement that reflected deep interest both in nature and in the thoughts and feelings of the individualà individuals that supported this was against enlightenment ideas
7. Realism: tried to show life as it is. In International Relations it is states are primarily motivated by the desire for military and economic power or security, rather than ideals or ethics
8. Impressionism: a school of late 19th century French painters who pictured appearances by strokes of unmixed colors to give the impression of reflected light(capture movement seen in a glance, shimmering and light colors)
Main ideas
1. How is a liberal different from a conservative?
There are both extreme conservatives and extreme liberals (radicals). It is a very complex system. There are many differences between liberals and conservatives.
1. Natural law
2. Established institutions
3. Liberty over equality
4. Suspicion of power
5. Exceptionalism(The belief by some that their nation or other group is better than others)
6. Individualism / 1. Positive law
2. Progress
3. Equality over liberty
4. Benevolent government
5. Human Perfectibility
6. Community
Liberal basically believes in social justice, separation of church and state, the labor movement, a re-distribution of wealth through fair taxation (rich to poor), pro-choice (abortion), less government role into the society.
A conservative is someone who believes about the opposite of what a liberal does. They don't favor change, they'd rather be told what to believe and promote it, than get informed and decide the best option.
1. How did Nationalism in the 1800s work as a force for both disunity and unity?
Nationalism is not always a positive for a country, it could be negative too. In the 1800s it served both as a unifying force and a disunity force.
Unifying (Positive) / Disunity (Negative)Helped a country reach a nation state / Can be too extremeà inflicting racism or other types of hatred among other groups or nations
Taught people about their country’s history and why it is so important / Forced integration of minority cultures into a nation’s majority culture
Laid the foundations for future development of a country / Ethnic cleansing, such as in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s
People within a nation can overcome their differences for a common good / The rise of extreme nationalistic movements, such as Nazism
Overthrow of colonial rule / Competition between nations leading to warfare
Democratic government in nations throughout the world
Competition among nations spurring scientific and technological advances
1. What are five elements of romanticism?
The five elements of romanticism are: emotions, thoughts, inner feelings, imaginations, attitudes, and ideas.
1. What are two ideas or attitudes of the romantic movements that reflect the ideals of nationalism?
The two ideas or attitudes of the romantic movements that reflect the ideals of nationalism are valued the common people and the individual and promoted radical change and democracy.
At most times, they went against each other. Romantics rejected the rigidly ordered world of the middle class. They turned reason to emotion, from society to nature.
1. What new conditions caused a change in the arts from romanticism to realism?
By the middle of the 19th century, rapid industrialization deeply affected everyday life in Europe. The growing class of industrial workers lived grim lives in dirty crowded cities. Industrialization began to make the dreams of the romantics seem pointless. So, Industrialization caused a change in the arts from romanticism to realism.
Chapter 9 Assessment
Main Ideas
11. What were the four natural resources needed for British industrialization?
The four natural resources needed for British industrialization are:
· Water power and coal to fuel the new machines
· Iron ore to construct machines, tools and buildings
· Rivers for inland transportation
· Harbors from which merchant ships set sail
12. How did the enclosure movement change agriculture in England?
Enclosure movement changed agriculture in England because:
· First, landowners tried new agricultural methodsà changed the agriculture in England (good and bad)
· Secondly, large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to give up farming and move to the cities
13. What were two important inventions created during the Industrial Revolution? Describe their impact
· 1733: a machinist named John Kay made a hustle that sped back and forth on wheels àincreased the productivity of weavers
· 1764: James Hargreaves invented Spinning Jenny which allowed one spinner to work eight threads at a time
· 1769: Richard Arkwright invented the water frame à used the waterpower from rapid streams to drive spinning wheels
· 1770: Samuel Crompton combined features of the spinning jenny and the water frame to produce the spinning muleà made thread that was stronger, finer and more consistent than earlier spinning machines
· Steam engine: improved transportation, powered English factories
So basically the two important inventions created during the Industrial Revolution would be the Spinning wheels that factories found most useful and the steam engine that improved transportation.
14. What were the living conditions like in Britain during industrialization?
With Industrialization, people could earn higher wages in factories than on farms. More people could afford to heat their homes with coal from Wales and dine on Scottish beef. They wore better clothing and cities swelled with waves of job seekers. The population grew in the cities too. This can be characterized by Urbanization, which is city building and the movement of people to cities.
But the living conditions were not so favorable. Because England’s cities grew rapidly, they had no development plans, sanitary codes, or building codes. Moreover, they lacked adequate housing, education and police protection for the people who poured in from the countryside to seek jobs. Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, with whole families crowding into one bedroom. Sickness was widespread. Also, life expectancy in these places was very low.
15. How did the new middle class transform the social structure of Great Britain during industrialization?
The new middle class transformed the social structure of Great Britain. In the past, landowners and aristocrats had occupied the top position in British society. They wielded the social and political power. Now some of the middle class grew wealthier than the upper class. But the classes were still divided. It was only until the 1800s when rich entrepreneurs were considered the social equals of the lords of the countryside.
Also, a larger middle class emerged; they were neither rich nor poor. The upper middle class was formed by government employees, doctors, lawyers, and managers of factories, mines and shops. The lower middle class include doctors, overseers and skilled workers; they all enjoyed a nice standard of living.