Zoology Student Outline – Kingdom Protista
Protozoan Groups
Phylum: Sarcomastigophora
Subphylum: Mastigophora
Class: Phytomastigophorea
Class: Zoomastigophorea
Subphylum: Sarcodina
Superclass: Rhizopoda
Class: Lobosea
Superclass: Actinopoda
Phylum Labyrinthhomorpha
Phylum Apicomplexa
Class: Sporozoea
Phylum Microspora
Phylum Acetospora
Phylum Myxoozoa
Phylum Ciliophora
Text: Zoology, by Miller and Harley – Chapter 8
1. Introduction
A. Origins
i. Endosymbiont
ii. Archaea
iii. Polyphyletic
B. General Characteristics of the Protozoa
i. Size
a. Surface to Volume Ratio -
ii. Complexity
iii. Pellicle
a. Ectoplasm
b. Endoplasm
iv. Excretion and Osmoregulation
a. Contractile Vacuoles
v. Nutrition and Digestion
a. Autotrophs
• Photosynthesis
b. Heterotrophic
• Phagocytosis
• Cytopharynx
• Cytopyge
vi. Locomotion
a. Cilia
b. Flagella
c. Pseudopodia
• Process
vii. Reproduction
a. Asexual
• Binary Fission
• Budding
• Schizogony
b. Sexual
viii. Cysts
• Encystment
• Excystment
C. Symbiotic Relationships
i. Parasitic
a. Parasite and Host
b. Multiple Hosts
• Definitive Host
• Intermediate Host
ii. Commensalistic
iii. Mutualistic
2. Protozoan Taxonomy
A. Phylum Sarcomastigophora
i. Subphylum Mastigophora
a. Class Phytomastigophorea
• Dinoflagellates
* Abundance
* Autotrophic
* Mutualistic Relationships
* Red Tides
√ Example: Ceratium
√ Example: Pfisteria piscida
• Euglena
* General
* Stigma
* Chloroplasts
* Flagella
* Pyrenoid
• Volvox
* Asexual Reproduction
* Sexual Reproduction
√ Dioecious
√ Monecious
b. Class Zoomastigophorea
• Example: Trypanosoma sp. (Causes African Sleeping Sickness)
* Vector: Tsetse Fly
* Intermediate host
* Definitive Host
ii. Subphylum Sarcodina (The Amebas)
a. Psudopodia
b. Test or Shell
* Calcareous
* Proteinaceous
* Siliceous
* Chitinous
c. SuperClass Rhizopoda
• Class Lobopodia (Lobosea)
• Class Filopodia
• Class Reticulopodia
• Class Axopodia
ii. Superclass Actinopoda
a. Foraminiferans
b. Heliozoans
c. Radiolarians
B. Phylum Labyrinthomorpha
C. Phylum Apicomplexa
i. Class Sporozoea
a. Example: Plasmodium
• Life Cycle – see diagram
* Schizogony
• Vector – mention the term vector
• Cryptosporidium
• Toxoplasma
D. Phylum Microspora
E. Phylum Acetospora
F. Phylum Myxozoa
G. Phylum Ciliophora
i. Cilia
ii. Pellicle
iii. Holozoic
iv. Nuclei: Dikaryotic
v. Trichocysts
vi. Trichocysts
vii. Nutrition
a. Example: Paramecium caudatum
* Oral Groove
viii. Osmoregulation
a. Contractile Vacuole
ix. Reproduction
a. Asexual
• Budding
• Fission
b. Sexual: Conjugation
• Macronucleus
• Micronucleus
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