xxxxxx et al. Int. J. Pure Appl. Zool., 3(4): xxx-xxx, 2015

International Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology / ISSN (Print) : 2320-9577
Volume 3, Issue 4, pp: xxx-xxx, 2015 / ISSN (Online): 2320-9585
http://www.ijpaz.com
Research Article
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The title must concise and informative and should not exceed the 60 characters (12-20 words) including spaces (with key words appropriate for retrieval purposes) and provide peer readers with a quick overview of the paper's contents.
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Article History: Received on 16th November 2015; Accepted …………. 2015; Published ………… 2015
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xxxxxx et al. Int. J. Pure Appl. Zool., 3(4): xxx-xxx, 2015

Introduction (Font size: 10 pt.)

(Times New Roman, 10 pt; Space of 18 is above the heading and 6pt isbelow the heading).

The introduction should introduce the research problem that the study was designed to address and its significance. It should provide a clear statement of the problem, the relevant literature on the subject, and the proposed approach or solution. What gap is the current study designed to fill? In other words, the introduction should provide the information for the reader that he/she will need in order to understand and appreciate the science you will report on later in the article (Times New Roman, 10 pt.; Single Space).

The length of the paper is 6 to 10 pages. The paper must be divided into sections and subheadings starting preferably with 'Introduction' and ending with 'Conclusion followed by Acknowledgement'. All papers cited in the text, tables, and figures must be included in the references and all papers cited the references section should be cited in the text. Authors should monitor references at all phases of manuscript preparation. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible

References in the text should be cited by author and year. Single author: Amsath (2002) or (Amsath, 2002). Two authors: Kalaiyarasan & Amsath (2015) or (Kalaiyarasan & Amsath, 2015). More than two authors: Amsathetal. (2012) or (Amsathet al., 2012). In the event that an author cited has had two or more works published during the same year, the reference, both in the text and in the reference list, should be identified by a lower case letter like (Smith, 1995a & b) after the date to distinguish the works. Reference citation order should be year wise chronologically (De Wilde, 1964; Oser, 1976; Smith, 1995a & b; Amsath, 1999; Amsath, 2002; World Health Organization, 2007; Aryal, 2010; Annalakshmi & Amsath, 2012; Govindarajanetal., 2012; Nicolas etal., 2015).

The text paragraphs (Times New Roman, 10 pt; Space of 6 pt is above and 6pt). Space of 6pt is between (below) each paragraph. First paragraph behind each heading is without indentation. Every second and following paragraphs are indented. This will enable us to maintain uniformity.

Materials and Methods

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Materials and methods:The materials and methods should be complete enough to allow experiments to be reproduced. However, only truly new procedures should be described in detail; previously published procedures should be cited and the relevant literature should be provided in the citation. The important modifications of published procedures should be mentioned briefly. Capitalize trade names and include the manufacturer's name and address. Subheadings should be used. Methods in general use need not be described in detail. All the data should be applied with statistics (SPSS, 1998 or advanced version). If the manuscript reports on work conducted on vertebrate animals, the appropriate institutional approval number should be listed in this section of the text.

Statement of human and animal rights

When reporting experiments on human subjects, authors should indicate whether the procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975 (revised in 2000). If doubt exists whether the research was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration, the authors must explain the rationale for their approach, and demonstrate that the institutional review body explicitly approved the doubtful aspects of the study. When reporting experiments on animals, authors should be asked to indicate whether the institutional and national guide for the care and use of laboratory animals was followed.

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RESULTS

The results should describe the observations with clarity and precision. The results should be written in the past tense when describing findings in the authors' experiments. Previously published findings should be written in the present tense. The data should be arranged in a unified and coherent sequence so that the report is developed clearly and logically. The same data should not be presented both in tabular and graphic forms, which should be numerically (Arabic numerals as 1, 2, etc.) cited in the text and interpreted. Only such tables and figures as are necessary should be given. Interpretation of the data should be taken up under discussion; in some cases, however, it may be desirable to combine the results and discussion in a single section. Whenever possible use figures rather than tables as it is much easier to see trends in a graphical presentation of data. If you do use figures and tables each of these must be titled descriptively.

Results should be explained, but largely without referring to the literature. Discussion, speculation and detailed interpretation of data should not be included in the Results but should be put into the Discussion section.

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xxxxxx et al. Int. J. Pure Appl. Zool., 3(4): xxx-xxx, 2015

Table 1. Mortality of Oreochromis mossambicus in different concentrations of tannery effluent after 96 hr exposure period. (Font size: 10 pt. 1.15 space.)

Concentration of the effluent (%) / No. of fishes exposed / No. of fishes died / % Kill / Probit kill (%) / LC50
Control / 10 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 10%
5 / 10 / 3 / 30 / 4.48
10 / 10 / 5 / 50 / 5.00
15 / 10 / 6 / 60 / 5.25
20 / 10 / 9 / 90 / 6.28
25 / 10 / 10 / 100 / 8.09

Table 2. Levels of biochemical parameters in the blood of control and tannery effluent treated Oreochromis mossambicus.

Effluent
Concentration
(%) / Biochemical Constituents (mg/100 ml)
Total free
amino acids / Total proteins / Glycogen / Total free sugars / Total lipids
Control / 309.23 ± 21.36 / 61.00 ± 4.12 / 15.12 ± 1.01 / 183.00 ± 14.88 / 269.17 ± 21.95
0.50 / 370.08 ± 19.78 *
(+ 19.91; r = 0.92) / 54.90 ± 3.88 NS
(-10.00; r = 0.78) / 14.00 ± 0.94*
(-17.40; r = 0.78) / 158.75 ± 19.55 NS
(-13.25; r = 0.78) / 239.41 ± 22.83 NS
(-11.05; r = 0.68)
1.00 / 358.44 ± 24.21NS
(+15.91; r = 0.76) / 42.70 ± 3.89 *
(-30.00; r = 0.84) / 12.80 ± 1.08 NS
(-15.34; r = 0.92) / 133.59 ± 10.84*
(-27.00; r = 0.92) / 220.58 ± 19.88*
(-18.05; r = 0.84)
1.50 / 389.34 ± 23.74*
(+25.90; r = 0.88) / 38.13 ± 2.99 *
(-37.49; r = 0.68) / 11.20 ± 0.89*
(-25.92; r = 0.82) / 122.61 ± 11.55*
(-33.00; r = 0.77) / 204.44 ± 20.67*
(-24.04; r = 0.88)
2.00 / 395.52 ± 20.71*
(+27.90; r = 0.96) / 33.55 ± 3.09 *
(-45.00; r = 0.96) / 10.30 ± 0.91*
(-31.87; r = 0.99) / 107.97 ± 10.71*
(-41.00; r = 0.71) / 180.23 ± 14.56*
(-33.04; r = 0.96)
2.50 / 407.88 ± 27.10*
(+31.90; r = 0.97) / 36.25 ± 2.87 *
(-40.57; r = 0.95) / 7.03 ± 0.66*
(-53.50; r = 0.94) / 99.81 ± 8.24*
(-45.45; r = 0.87) / 166.78 ± 12.89*
(-38.03; r = 0.91)

Each value is the mean ± SD of 5 observations.

+ indicates increase over control.

- indicates decrease over control.

* indicate significant at P>0.05.

NS indicates non-significant.

(Font size should be reduced when the data exceeds the page right side margin, 1.15 space)


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Figure 1-6. Genitalia of Anopheles culicifacies. [Abbreviations: Ae (Aedeagus), AsS (Accessory spine), Basistyle (Bs), Ce (Cerci), Cl (Claspettes), DsC (Dististyle claw), Ds (Dististyle), InS (Internal spine), PGL (Post Genital Lobe), IX-Te (IX- Tergum)].

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xxxxxx et al. Int. J. Pure Appl. Zool., 3(4): xxx-xxx, 2015

Figure 2. The histogram shows the growth of Penaeus monodon cultured at Diamond Aqua Farm, Mallipattinam. (It is good practice to briefly explain the significance of the figure in the caption)

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xxxxxx et al. Int. J. Pure Appl. Zool., 3(4): xxx-xxx, 2015

DISCUSSION

The discussion should interpret the significance of the findings in view of the results obtained in this and in past studies on this topic. A combined Results and Discussion section is often appropriate. Avoid extensive citations and discussion of published literature.

Conclusion

State the significance of the results in the conclusion in a few sentences at the end of the paper. Although a conclusion may review the main points of the paper, do not replicate the abstract as the conclusion. A conclusion might elaborate on the importance of the work or suggest applications and extensions.

Acknowledgment

Authors should thank the institutional authorities for provided the facilities to carry out the research work or those anyone who assisted in the study and the funding agencies, etc. should be brief.

References

The list of references must contain only items cited in the text. References should be listed at the end of the paper in alphabetical order. Articles in preparation or articles submitted for publication, unpublished observations, personal communications, etc. should not be included in the reference list. Journal names are given fully according to APA Style Citation and correctly format the references of your paper. Authors are fully responsible for the accuracy of the references. References to periodical articles must include the following elements: author(s), year of publication, article title, journal title, volume number, issue number (if applicable), page numbers [and doi number (if journal has doi number in online version) or retrieved source url].

Amsath, A. (1999). Studies on the female accessory reproductive glands and behavioural strategies of the water bug, Sphaerodema rusticum: A potential predator of mosquito larvae. Ph.D. Thesis, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.

Amsath, A. (2002). Studies on predatory efficiency of the water stick insect, Ranatra filliformis on mosquito larva, Culex fatigans. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 6, 93-98.

Aryal, M. (2010). Slowly, vulture numbers picking up. http://ipsnews.net, Downloaded 14th June 2013.

De Wilde, J. (1964). Reproduction. In: The Physiology of Insecta (Ed. M. Rockstein). Vol.I. pp: 18-58. Academic Press, New York.

Govindarajan, M., Sivakumar, R., Amsath, A. Niraimathi, S. (2012). Larvicidal efficacy of botanical extracts against Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles and Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae). Eur. Rev. Med. Pharm. Sci., 16, 386-392.

Kalaiyarasan, S., & Amsath, A. 2015. Ultrastructure of scent glands of soft-furred field rat Millardia meltada (Gray, 1837): An attempt for effective rodent pest management. International Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology, 3(3), 251-258.

Nicolas, V., Mataame, A., Crochet, P., Geniez, P. & Ohler, A. 2015 Phylogeographic patterns in North African water frogPelophylax saharicus (Anura: Ranidae). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 53(3), 239-248, DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12094.

Oser, B.L. (1976). Hawk's Physiological Chemistry. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

Smith, A.B., (1995a). The rise in blood glucose during hibernation of the golden headed ploverDickus birdus.Journal ofAvian Metabolism,20, 19-21.

Smith, A.B. (1995b). The fall in blood glucose during hibernation of the golden headed ploverDickus birdus.Journal ofAvian Metabolism,20, 22-23.

SPSS. (1998). SPSS for Windows. SPSS Inc., Headquarters, Chicago.

World Health Organization, (2007). World health Statistics Report. http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_ statistics/whostat2007.pdf.

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