WORKSHEET CHAPTER TWELVE – DNA & RNA – NOVAK 11-11

PAPWsCh12DNA-RNA11-11.doc

I. DNA - Griffith & Transformation - 1928 (12-1)

A. Fredrick Griffith was experimenting mice and two different strains of 1______causing pneumonia

1. The disease causing strain produced 2______shaped colonies on culture plates killed mice

2. The non disease causing strain produced 3______shaped colonies on culture plates did not kill mice

B. Griffith follow up experiment

1. He 4______killed bacteria from the smooth harmful colonies

2. He then added the heat killed bacteria to the harmless 5______colony bacteria

3. He then injected mice with these rough colony bacteria and the mice 6______

4. Somehow the heat-killed bacteria had 7______their disease-causing ability to the harmless strain

5. Griffith called this process 8______

II. DNA – Oswald Avery – 1944 (12-1)

A. Avery conducted experiments to find out what molecule was important for transformation

1. When extracts from the heat-killed bacteria had proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and RNA compounds disabled, transformation 9______occur

2. When extracts from the heat-killed bacteria had DNA 10______, transformation did not occur

B. Avery concluded that the nucleic acid 11______stores the transmits the genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next

III. DNA – The Hershey-Chase Experiment – 1952 (12-1)

  1. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used the lytic cycle of viruses to determine the12______material
  2. They conducted an experiment using a common bacteriophage
  3. They tagged the cultivated bacteriophage viruses with radioactive 13______and 14______
  4. The phosphorus would bind to the DNA & the 15______to the proteins coats of the viruses
  5. After infection of the bacteriophages, they found radioactive 16______inside the bacteria
  6. They concluded that the genetic material of the virus was DNA and not 17______

IV. DNA – The Components and Structure of DNA (12-1)

A. DNA is a very long chainlike molecule made of 18______

1. Each nucleotide has a five carbon sugar called a 19______

2. Each nucleotide has a 20 ______group

3. Each nucleotide has a nitrogen containing 21______

a. 22______– two ringed compounds which include the bases adenine and guanine

b. 23______– one ringed compounds which include the bases cytosine and thymine

B. Has a backbone formed by alternating groups of 24 ______and 25______groups of each nucleotide.

C. The nitrogenous 26______stick out sideways from the chain.

D. The bases can be arranged along the DNA strand in any 27______

E. The four different nucleotides, can be strung together in many different ways to carry the genetic 28______

F. in 1949, Erwin Chargaff discovered that in the cell’s DNA, the amount of adenine equaled the amount of thymine and the amount of cytosine equaled the amount of guanine (Chargaff’s 29______)

G. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA was composed of two strands which were wound around each other in the shape of a double 30______.

  1. The double helix looks like a twisted 31______
  2. The two strands that made up the sides of the “ladder” were held together by 32______on the “rungs”
  3. The bonds were 33______bonds of the nitrogenous bases and provide just enough force to hold the two strands together
  4. These hydrogen bonds can only form between adenine and thymine, and between guanine and cytosine. This is called the 34______rule

V. CHROMOSOMES & DNA REPLICATION – DNA and Chromosomes (12-2)

A. Where DNA is found in the cell

  1. In prokaryotic cells DNA is located in the 35______in a single circular molecule
  2. In eukaryotic cells there is 36______times more DNA than prokaryotes
  3. therefore the DNA is organized into 37______of various numbers
  4. the DNA on the chromosomes is located within the 38______
  5. the normal number of chromosomes in normal eukaryotic body cells is known as the 39______number

B. DNA molecules within chromosomes are very long

  1. In E. coli, each bacterium contains DNA with 4,639, 221 40______
  2. The entire E. coli DNA strand laid out straight would be 1.6 41______
  3. To fit inside a typical bacterium, the DNA molecule must be folded into a space only one one-thousandth of its 42______.
  4. The chromosomes in the nucleus of a single human (eukaryotic) cell contains about one 43______of DNA

a. contain both DNA and protein tightly packed together to form 44______

b. chromatin is DNA that is tightly coiled around proteins called 45______

c. histones molecules form a beadlike structures called a 46______

d. nucleosomes pack with one another to form a thick fiber which is shortened by a system of 47______

e. during most of the cell cycle, these fibers are dispersed in the nucleus so that individual chromosomes are not 48______

f. during mitosis, the fibers of each individual chromosomes are drawn together, forming tightly packed 49______

g. tightly packing nucleosomes helps 50______chromosomes during mitosis

VI. CHROMOSOMES & DNA REPLICATION – DNA Replication (12-2)

A. Each strand of double helix has all the information needed to 51______the other half using their base pairs

B. Since one strand can be used to make the other, the strands of the double helix are said to be 52 ______

C. In prokaryotes, DNA replication starts at a single point and proceeds, often in two directions, until the entire chromosome is 53______

D. In 54______, DNA replication occurs in hundreds of places.

1. Replication proceeds in both directions until each 55______is copied

2. The place where separation and replication occur are called replication 56______

3. The process of copying the DNA is called 57______

a. the DNA double helix separates into 58______strands

b. each strand produces two new 59______strands

c. this process follows the rules of 60______PAIRING

d. each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a 61______for the new strand

e. a strand with the base sequence with AATGGCAT would form a complimentary strand of the base sequence with 62______

f. 63______“unzip” the hydrogen bonds to expose the bases so they can be copied

g. the principle enzyme involved in DNA joining individual nucleotides to produce a new DNA molecule is DNA 64______

h. DNA polymerase also 65“______” each new DNA strand, to assure the DNA strand is copied correctly

VII. RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS – The Structure of RNA (12-3)

A. Genes are coded DNA instructions that control the production of 66______

1. First, the DNA nucleotide sequence is copied to 67______(ribonucleic acid)

2. Second, the copied RNA is used to make the actual 68______

B. RNA contains a long chain of 69______like DNA

C. RNA differs from DNA in several ways

1. The sugar is 70______instead of deoxyribose

2. It is 71______stranded

3. RNA also contains the nitrogenous base 72______in place of DNA’s thymine

VIII. RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS – Types of RNA (12-3)

A. The most important job of RNA is 73______synthesis

B. RNA works by controlling the assembly of 74______into protein

C. RNA used in protein synthesis comes in three different types

1. 75______RNA (mRNA) carries coded messages on how to assemble amino acids from the genes (DNA) in the nucleus to the rest of the cell

2. 76______RNA (rRNA), located on ribosomes, are used to assemble amino acids into proteins

3. 77______RNA (tRNA) is used to “catch” amino acids and transfer them to the ribosome for assembly into proteins

IX. RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS – Transcription (12-3)

A. 78______occurs when RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA

B. RNA polymerase binds to DNA and 79______the DNA strands

C. RNA uses one strand of DNA as a 80______to assemble nucleotides into a strand of RNA

D. RNA polymerase binds to the beginning of a gene at the starting point called a 81______which have specific base sequences

E. At the end of the gene is a sequence telling transcription to 82______

X. RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS – The Genetic Code(12-3)

A. Proteins are 83______made by joining amino acids together in long chains

B. Each protein polypeptide contains a chain of any or all of 84______different amino acids

C. The properties of the protein are determined by the 85______in which different amino acids are joined together and thereby their shape

D. The “language” of mRNA is the 86______code within the DNA

E. RNA has four different bases which are 87______

F. The genetic code is read in groups, three bases long and is called a88______

G. A codon consists of 89______consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid that is to be added to the polypeptide.

H. Using Figure 12-17, the RNA sequence of UCGAGAUGUCCC would code for the amino acids 90______

I. The codon AUG can serve as the initiation or 91“______” codon during translation

J. The codons UGA or UAA or UAG serve as the 92______codons during translation

XI. RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS – Translation (12-3)

A. The 93______is the cell structure that reads the mRNA and translates it into protein

B. The decoding of an mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (protein) is known as 94______

1. During transcription in the nucleus, the mRNA is coded from the 95______

2. The mRNA is then released to the endoplasmic reticulum within the 96______

3. Translation begins when an mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm attaches to a 97______.

4. As each codon of the mRNA molecule moves through the ribosome, the proper amino acid is brought into the ribosome by 98______

5. In the99______, the amino acid is transferred to the growing protein

6. The tRNA carries only one kind of amino acid using its three unpaired100______

7. These bases are called the 101______and are complementary to the mRNA codon

8. When two amino acids are brought in to the ribosome by tRNA together side by side, they form a 102______bond.

9. As the ribosome moves along the mRNA and its “read”, more tRNA molecules bring other amino acids in to join the polypeptide chain

10. The growing polypeptide chain, when complete, will fold into a certain shape and is known as a protein. This completes the process of 103______

11. In summary, the DNA molecule (“the 104______plan”) stays in the nucleus, and creates mRNA (“ 105______”) which go to the building sites in the cytoplasm (the ribosomes) and is used to build protein

12. Proteins are microscopic tools, each specifically designed to 106______or 107______a component of a living 108______

When finished with this worksheet draw, color, and label the following Figures from Chapter 12 on notebook paper: Page 1 of your notebook paper - diagram 12-5 front and diagram 12-7 on the back, Page 2of your notebook paper - diagram 12-10 on the front and diagram 12-11 on the back, Page 3of your notebook paper - diagrams 12-12 & 12-14 on the front and diagram 12-18 on the back. Staple the drawings on the back of the above outline

CHAPTER 12 REVIEW DNA and RNA Novak 11-11

Novak

Number, list and define the “Key Terms” vocabulary on page 314. Optional: if you have excess to a computer, you may use a crossword puzzle maker online to do the vocabulary. Print out the puzzle, and the KEY.

On a separate piece of notebook paper, follow your Chapter Work Rulesbelow and do questions 1-10on page 315, and 1-6 on page 317.

On a separate piece of notebook paper, do number 15 on page 134.

CHAPTER WORK RULES Novak 1-07

Whenever you are doing questions on notebook paper from the book:

1. Always put FULL heading (name, date and period) in the upper right hand corner of the first page and your name and page number in the upper right hand corner on each page thereafter

2. Always put assignment title on the notebook paper title line of the first page

3. Circle the question number

4. Write questions (mandatory - no credit without the questions written) and answers

5. Skip a line between the answer of the previous question and the next question

6. DO NOT mis-number questions (skipping numbers and mis-numbering will count MAJOR points off

7. Underline answer

8. Write or print LEGIBLY

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Worksheet Chapter 12 DNA/RNA 11-11 Novak