1. Which of the following best describes the soma of a neuron?
  2. The part of the neuron that contains the nucleus.
  3. The part of the neuron that receives a signal from the previous neuron.
  4. The part of the neuron that transmits a signal to the next neuron.
  5. The part of the neuron that insulates and protects the axon.
  1. Which of the following best describe interneurons?
  2. Detects information from the outside world.
  3. Sends signals to elicit a response.
  4. Afferent neurons.
  5. Form connections between neurons in the CNS, sensory, and motor neurons.
  1. Which of the following best describes how myelination speeds up the transmission of action potentials?
  2. Myelination provides insulation, which increase the rate of depolarization.
  3. Myelination allows for saltatory conduction, or the jumping of an action potential from one node of Ranvier to another.
  4. Myelination makes the axons have effectively larger diameter, and hence conduct the signal faster.
  5. Myelination only provides protection and does not increase the speed of transmission.
  1. Which of the following ions is not important for establishing the membrane potential?
  2. Sodium (Na+)
  3. Chloride (Cl-)
  4. Potassium (K+)
  5. All of the above are important for establishment of membrane potential.
  1. Which of the following mechanisms is not a majorcontributor to the resting potential?
  2. Sodium-Potassium Pump
  3. Potassium leak channels
  4. Sodium leak channels
  5. All of the above are major contributors to the resting potential
  1. The threshold potential is about -50 mV. What does this mean?
  2. A cell is unable to achieve a potential of less than -50 mV.
  3. A cell is unable to achieve a potential of greater than -50 mV.
  4. Voltage gated Na+ channels don’t open until the membrane potential is -50 mV.
  5. Voltage gated K+ channels don’t open until the membrane potential is -50 mV.
  1. After a cell is depolarized, what happens?
  2. Na+ channels open.
  3. K+ channels open.
  4. K+ channels close.
  5. Two of the above are correct.
  1. A neurotoxin results in a hyperpolarization of the membrane that is slowly restored to resting potential. What is the most likely action of this neurotransmitter?
  2. Prevents Na+ channels from opening.
  3. Prevents Na+ channels from closing.
  4. Prevents K+ channels from opening.
  5. Prevents K+ channels from closing.
  1. Which of the following is false regarding chemical synaptic transmission?
  2. Utilizes Ca2+ to trigger exocytosis.
  3. Neurotransmitter binding is an excitatory response, while neurotransmitter failing to bind is an inhibitory response.
  4. Synaptic signaling ends and neurotransmitters are broken down or reuptake occurs by the presynaptic cell.
  5. The same neurotransmitter is able to elicit a different response in different situations.
  1. What does summation refer to?
  2. Many small excitatory signals can result in an action potential.
  3. To gain a large response, a larger action potential is signaled for.
  4. Two neurons may receive the same signal to achieve a large response.
  5. Motor neurons that work on the same muscle combine together to achieve movement.
  1. If air is 25% oxygen, and the total pressure is 800 mmHg, what is the partial pressure of oxygen?
  2. .25 mmHgb. 800 mmHgc. 200 mmHgd. 600 mmHg
  1. Which of the following is false regarding the lungs?
  2. The lung’s surfaces are very dry in order to increase gas exchange.
  3. Alveoli serve to increase the surface area to increase gas exchange.
  4. There is great blood flow to the lungs to increase gas exchange.
  5. Each lung is encased by a pleural sac.
  1. Which of the following best describes how inhalation occurs?
  2. The diaphragm elevates, which increase pressure in the lungs, and air floods in.
  3. The diaphragm lowers, which decreases pressure in the lungs, and air floods in.
  4. The diaphragm elevates, which increases volume in the lungs, and air floods in.
  5. The diaphragm lowers, which decreases volume in the lungs, and air floods in.
  1. Which of the following is true regarding oxygen transport?
  2. Not enough gas can dissolve in blood on its own to support our metabolic needs, so our body utilizes myoglobin to transport a high level of oxygen.
  3. Oxygen dissolves well in blood and this level of oxygen is enough to support our normal metabolic needs.
  4. Hemoglobin can covalently bind 4 oxygen molecules to transport to the body.
  5. Hemoglobin is made up of 4 iron containing subunits.
  1. Which of the following is a relationship between CO2, H+, and oxygen levels in blood?
  2. When muscles release more CO2, blood pH rises.
  3. As pH decreases, hemoglobin releases more oxygen.
  4. Increased CO2 production by muscles causes hemoglobin to pick up more oxygen.
  5. Oxygen dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.
  1. Which of the following is false regarding the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
  2. The sigmoidal curve is a result of cooperative binding.
  3. Cooperative binding means that it is easier to bind the first oxygen than a second.
  4. Hemoglobin is very sensitive to slight changes in the partial pressure of oxygen in the range associated with body tissues.
  5. More oxygen binds to hemoglobin when the partial pressure of oxygen is high.
  1. Which of the following component of blood is incorrectly matched to its function?
  2. Platelets – formation of blood clots
  3. Hormones – transportation of carbon dioxide
  4. Red blood cells – transportation of oxygen
  5. White blood cells – maintenance of body’s immune system
  1. Because the concentration of minerals is higher in roots than in the soil…
  2. Plants require active transport to uptake minerals or water.
  3. Water flows into roots via osmosis, but minerals cannot enter the roots.
  4. Minerals require active transport to enter roots, but water enters via osmosis.
  5. As water flows into the roots, minerals flow out of the roots into the soil.
  1. Xylem is chiefly responsible for what?
  2. Transport of water and minerals.
  3. Production of sugars.
  4. Transport of sugars.
  5. Intake of carbon dioxide from the air.
  1. Which of the following is false regarding xylem?
  2. When mature, the cells are dead.
  3. Contains both tracheid cells and vessel elements.
  4. Xylem generally transports up a plant (ie. from root to shoot)
  5. All of the above are true regarding xylem.
  1. Which of the following is correct regarding stomata?
  2. Guard cells deflate to open the stomata.
  3. Light signals the opening of stomata.
  4. Stomata open and close in order to not uptake too much CO2.
  5. Stomata open and close in order to not release too much oxygen.
  1. Which of the following best describes the cohesion-tension theory?
  2. Although water would tend to evaporate out of the leaves, because of the high level of cohesion, water is actually unable to evaporate at most times.
  3. As water evaporates from the lower leaves, the upper leaves regain this water, preventing a majority of water loss.
  4. Plants use active transport to move water up the plant through the xylem to replace the water that evaporates from leaves.
  5. Although water evaporates from leaves, because of water’s high level of cohesion, this pulls water up the plant from the roots to replace the water lost.
  1. Which of the following is not a component of phloem?
  2. Sieve-tube elements
  3. Companion cells
  4. Sieve plates
  5. Vessel elements
  1. Which of the following is false regarding phloem sap translocation?
  2. Transport goes from the source to the sink.
  3. It is driven by differences in H2O pressure and osmosis.
  4. The movement of sugars requires the usage of ATP.
  5. Long distance transport takes place in sieve-tube elements.
  1. Which is not a way that nutrients are absorbed by the alimentary canal?
  2. Active transport
  3. Facilitated diffusion
  4. Through plasmodesmata
  5. Passive transport
  6. Which of these is not an accessory organ of the digestive system?
  7. Tongue
  8. Gallbladder
  9. Kidneys
  10. Stomach
  11. What are the components of gastric juice?
  12. H+ and Cl-
  13. Pepsinogen
  14. HCl and pepsinogen
  15. Parietal and chief cells
  16. Which of the enzymes is incorrectly matched with its substrate?
  17. Pepsin  proteins
  18. Trypsin  lipids
  19. Lipase  lipids
  20. Amylase  carbohydrates
  21. What two structures absorb nutrients in the small intestine?
  22. Lymphatic vessel and alveoli
  23. Alveoli and capillaries
  24. Capillaries and lacteal
  25. Veins and arteries
  26. What structures increase the surface area of the small intestine?
  27. Villi
  28. Capillaries
  29. Alveoli
  30. Microvilli