BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM OVERVIEW

College Prep

NAME:______

DATE OF FINAL:______

ROOM #:______

WHAT TO BRING: All handouts and review packets

Pencils and erasers

TEXTBOOK / CD:If you have one, turn it in on the day of

the final or before OR bring a check for

$67.50 payable to HHHS.

FORMAT:200 multiple choice questions

SUGGESTED STUDY METHOD:

  1. Collect all your review sheets/outlines. Staple this sheet to the front - this is everything that will be on the final exam.
  2. Review ALL papers in your binder one unit at a time - look through to refresh your memory.
  3. Complete the study guide activities and practice multiple choice questions. These are NOT the questions on the final - those are more complex.
  4. Anything you are unsure about… go back and study more.
  5. Study! The final is worth 20% of your final grade!

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

Review IV, DV, control and controlled variables with your partner. Describe each in your own words.

  • IV = ______
  • DV = ______
  • control = ______
  • controlled variables = ______

Apply it: How does the amount of light influence the rate of photosynthesis?

  • IV = ______
  • DV = ______
  • HYPOTHESIS:______

______

  • control = ______
  • controlled variables = ______

SCIENCE VS. SUPERSTITION

  1. ____ Which word(s)is related to science?

a)beliefb) coincidencec) cause and effect

THEMES OF LIFE / HOMEOSTASIS

  1. ____ An organism that lives in a host and hurts the host is a(n)

a)heterotrophb) autotrophc) consumerd) parasite

  1. ____ An organism that performs photosynthesis is a(n)

a)heterotrophb) autotrophc) consumerd) parasite

  1. ____ An organism that eats food to obtain energy is a(n)

a)heterotrophb) autotrophc) consumerd) parasite

  1. ____ Maintaining balance within the body is called

a)responseb) homeostasisc) reproductiond) development

  1. ____ What organ controls glucose balance?

a)kidneyb) liverc) brain

  1. ____ What hormone(s) control glucose homeostasis?

a)aldosteroneb) insulin and glucagonc) PTH and calcitonind) ADH

  1. ____ What is one characteristic of life that not all organisms in a species need to perform?

a)responseb) homeostasisc) reproductiond) development

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

  1. ____ A hypothesis uses the words if and then.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ A hypothesis is the same thing as a fact.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ A hypothesis should try to predict the answer to the lab question.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ In science, a theory is a guess or prediction.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ In an experiment, the part that is being tested is called the

a)independent variableb) dependent variablec) control

  1. ____ In an experiment, the results that you are recording are called the

a)independent variableb) dependent variablec) control

  1. ____ In an experiment, the part of the experiment used to compare your data with is called the

a)independent variableb) dependent variablec) control

MICROSCOPE

  1. ____ When you switch to high power on a microscope, LESS of the specimen can be seen because the AREA decreases.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ Which type of microscope do we use in class?

a)compound lightb) scanning electronc) transmission electron

  1. ____ Which type of microscope produces a 3-D picture in great detail?

a)compound lightb) scanning electronc) transmission electron

  1. ____ As magnification INCREASES, so does the resolution.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ The specimen looks the same on the slide as it does through the eyepiece of a microscope.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ The total area of magnification when you are looking through the 40x lens is

a)40 b) 400c) 50d) 4000

  1. ____ The PROPER name for the dial used to adjust the light is the light adjustment dial.

a)trueb) false

UNIT 2: BIOCHEMISTRY

With your partner, review the following topics. Write down things you need to remember.

  • EQUATION for cellular respiration:______
  • Cellular Respiration (ATP / ADP cycle) - explain how it works
  • How an enzyme works
  1. ____ The four major elements in the human body are nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen and

a)calciumb) sodiumc) carbond) boron

  1. ____ Water is

a)polarb) nonpolarc) unevenly chargedd) a and be) a and c

  1. ____ Water sticks to itself using ______bonds in a process called ______.

a)covalent, adhesionb) hydrogen, cohesionc) hydrogen, adhesion

  1. ____ When water sticks together on the surface of a body of water, it is called

a)surface tensionb) capillary action

  1. ____ Acids on the pH scale register from 7-14.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ Bases contain many ______ions.

a)hydrogen (H+) b) hydroxide (OH-)

  1. ____ What is the name of a chemical that changes colors in the presence of acids or bases?

a)bufferb) indicatorc) enzyme

  1. ____ pH in the stomach is

a)between 1-3b) between 4-5c) around 7d) above seven

  1. ____ Which of the following substances is most basic?

a)ammoniab) vinegarc) waterd) milk

  1. ____ Which of the following provides living things with energy?

a)waterb) soilc) sugard) oxygene) electrolytes

  1. ____ Proteins are made of

a)glucoseb) fatty acids and glycerolc) nucleotidesd) amino acids

  1. ____ Carbohydrates include fats, oils and waxes.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ Molecules that speed up chemical reactions in the body by lowering the activation energy are called

a)buffersb) substratesc) enzymesd) catalystse) c and d

  1. ____ If an enzyme’s shape changes (it is denatured), it cannot cause a chemical reaction anymore.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ The lock and key characteristic of enzymes is called

a)catalytic fitb) specialityc) specificity

  1. ____ Most times, you can tell if a substance is an enzyme because its name ends in

a)–oseb) –asec) –ind) –exo

  1. ____ What is the name of the enzyme in liver that breaks down hydrogen peroxide?

a)maltaseb) lactasec) peroxidased) amylase

  1. ____ The conversion of the energy in sugar into ATP molecules is MOST SPECIFICALLY called

a)breathingb) respirationc) metabolismd) anabolism

  1. ____ Adding a phosphate, some energy to make a bond, and ADP creates ATP.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ The sum of all the chemical reactions in the body is called

a)anabolismb) catabolismc) metabolism

  1. ____ The molecule that reacts with an enzyme is called a

a)superstrateb) substratec) productd) catalyst

UNIT 3: THE CELL

With your partner, review the following topics. Write down things you need to remember.

  • The theme Correlation of Structure and Function means:______

______

  • Give a few examples of this theme.
  • Find the picture of the cell you drew and labeled. Quiz each other on the functions of the parts.
  • List the two types of transport (include the processes that fall under each).

BASICS OF CELLS

  1. ____ Unicellular organisms have to perform all of life’s functions by themselves. Therefore, they LACK

a)homeostasisb) specializationc) reproduction

  1. ____ As cell size increases, its surface area doesn’t increase proportionately to its volume. This causes a problem because ______of needed materials into and out of the cell cannot occur quick enough.

a)diffusionb) active transport

  1. ____ A cell that has a cell wall, a large vacuole and chloroplasts might be

a)an animal cellb) a plant cell

  1. ____ Which type of cell doesn’t have a true nucleus?

a)prokaryoticb) eukaryotic

  1. ____ What is the only kingdom that is prokaryotic?

a)animalb) plantc) monerand) protiste) fungi

ORGANELLES

  1. ____ The jelly-like fluid that fills the cell is called chromoplasm.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ Which organelle transports proteins and lipids?

a)ribosomesb) ERc) Golgi bodies

  1. ____ Which organelle performs cellular respiration?

a)lysosomeb) mitochondriac) chloroplast

  1. ____ Which organelle produces proteins?

a)chloroplastb) ribosomec) lysosome

  1. ____ Chloroplasts are plastids that make carbohydrates.(Photosynthesis makes sugars=carbs)

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ Leucoplasts store

a)starchb) chlorophyllc) carotenoids

CELL MEMBRANE

  1. ____ The main molecule of the cell membrane is

a)proteinb) lipidc) carbohydrate

  1. ____ The membrane is fluid, which means it is flexible and can move.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ The cell membrane is most flexible if it contains lots of

a)unsaturated fatty acidsb) saturated fatty acids

  1. ____ Since a cell membrane is selectively permeable, it can maintain

a)respirationb) metabolismc) homeostasis

  1. ____ The cell membrane is

a)polarb) nonpolar

  1. ____ The spreading out of material from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration is called.

a)active transportb) diffusionc) endocytosis

  1. ____ After diffusion, a concentration gradient no longer exists. The material is now in a state of dynamic motion.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ The random motion of molecules is called

a)erratic motionb) Brownian motionc) Whitian motiond) chemical motion

  1. ____ The diffusion of water is specifically called

a)diffusionb) osmosisc) facilitated diffusiond) active transport

  1. ____ Oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the lungs and the body cells by facilitated diffusion.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ Putting salt on a cell will cause it to

a)expandb) shrinkc) stay the same (have no effect)

  1. ____ In which type of solution does water move INTO the cell?

a)hypotonicb) hypertonicc) isotonic

  1. ____ Water pressure in plants is scientifically called

a)water pressureb) osmotic pressurec) turgor pressure

  1. ____ Which type of transport requires energy to move molecules across the cell membrane?

a)passive transportb) active transport

  1. ____ Facilitated diffusion is a type of active transport.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ The active movement of huge molecules into the cell is called

a)facilitated diffusionb) endocytosisc) exocytosis

  1. ____ The two characteristics that will determine where/how a molecule will get into or out of a cell are size and charge.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ When a molecule enters a cell through a protein channel without using energy, it is moving by

a)active transportb) endocytosisc) facilitated diffusiond) diffusion

  1. ____ Where do oxygen, carbon dioxide and water cross the membrane?

a)bilayerb) protein channelsc) endocytosis

  1. ____ Where do ions and amino acids cross the membrane?

a)bilayerb) protein channelsc) endocytosis

UNIT 4: THE NUCLEUS

With your partner, review the following topics. Write down things you need to remember.

  • What is gene expression? State the two general steps and then explain exactly what happens during each.
  • Review the meaning of benign, malignant, cancer, metastasis, contact inhibition, hyperplasia as they relate to having cancer (or not).

STRUCTURE OF DNA

  1. ____ DNA is made of

a)nucleic acidsb) nucleotidesc) amino acidsd) fatty acids and glycerol

  1. ____ The backbone of DNA is made of

a)sugars and basesb) sugars and phosphatesc) bases and phosphates

  1. ____ Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a base and a phosphate molecule.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ In DNA, adenine matches with

a)guanineb) cytosinec) uracild) thymine

  1. ____ Every organism has DNA.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ In a person, the DNA of each cell is approximately identical (except for where there is a mutation).

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ Every organism has the same structure of DNA, it is the sequence of the ______that make organisms different.

a)phosphatesb) basesc) sugars

  1. ____ RNA is different from DNA because

a)it is single strandedb) it contains a different sugarc) it has U instead of Td) a,b, & c

  1. ____ A gene is a segment of DNA that controls the production of ____ in a cell.

a)lipidsb) sugarsc) proteinsd) chromosomes

  1. ____ Genes are located (Both)

a)in DNAb) in the cytoplasm of the cellc) onchromosomes

TRANSCRIPTION / TRANSLATION & REPLICATION

  1. ____ What is the process called that duplicates the DNA before cell division?

a)transcriptionb) translationc) replication

  1. ____ When mRNA is copying the code in DNA, wherever there is an A in DNA, a ____ is added to mRNA.

a)T b) Ac) Ud) G

  1. ____ Which process makes an mRNA copy of a gene?

a)transcriptionb) translationc) replication

  1. ____ Which process builds a protein based on the mRNA code?

a)transcriptionb) translationc) replication

  1. ____ Which molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome to build a protein?

a)mRNAb) tRNAc) rRNAd) DNA

  1. ____ What enzyme makes mRNA based on the DNA code?

a)peroxidaseb) RNApolymerasec) DNA polymerased) amylase

  1. ____ Where in the cell does translation occur?

a)Golgi bodiesb) ribosomec) mitochondriad) nucleus

  1. ____ A series of three bases (either in DNA or in mRNA) is called a

a)codonb) tripletc) tricodon

CELL CYCLE / MITOSIS

  1. ____ What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

a)interphaseb) prophasec) metaphased) anaphasee) telophase

  1. ____ Transcription and translation occur during prophase

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ The chromosomes coil during

a)interphaseb) prophasec) metaphased) anaphasee) telophase

  1. ____ The chromosomes line up on the middle of the cell during

a)interphaseb) prophasec) metaphased) anaphasee) telophase

  1. ____ Sister chromatids separate during

a)interphaseb) prophasec) metaphased) anaphasee) telophase

  1. ____ The cell membrane pinches in during

a)interphaseb) prophasec) metaphased) anaphasee) telophase

  1. ____ The same number of chromosomes are present after mitosis as there were before mitosis.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ A cell containing a full set of chromosomes is called a ___ cell.

a)diploidc) haploidd) gamete

  1. ____ Unwound DNA is called

a)chromosomesb) chromatidsc) chromatin

MEIOSIS

  1. ____ Egg and sperm

a)have half the number of chromosomesb) are diploidc) are haploidd) a & c

  1. ____ During mitosis or meiosis, the chromosomes are separated by the

a)centromeresb) centrioles and spindle fibersc) pulling rodsd) cell wall

  1. ____ How many cells form as a result of meiosis?

a)1 b) 2c) 3d) 4

  1. ____ Meiosis makes

a)diploid cellsb) haploid cellsc) somatic cellsd) gametese) b & df) a & c

  1. ____ When chromosomes exchange pieces it is called crossing over.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ When the homologous chromosomes pair up in prophase I of meiosis they are called a

a)codonb) tetradc) synapsis

  1. ____ A chart showing the homologous pairs of chromosomes is called a pedigree. (Karyotype)

a)trueb) false

MUTATIONS

  1. ____ A mutation that involves a change in a chromosome is a ____ mutation.

a)geneb) chromosomalc) point

  1. ____ The absence of contact inhibition could lead to cancer.

a)trueb) false

UNIT 5: GENETICS

With your partner, review the following topics. Write down things you need to remember.

  • Review the following: law of segregation, law of independent assortment, rule of dominance, rule of unit factors
  • Review how to do the following: monohybrid cross, testcross, codominance, incomplete dominance, sex-linked heredity, multiple allelic (blood types).
  • Review your Genetic Engineering Journals for each process, benefits and disadvantages.

BASIC GENETICS CONCEPTS

  1. ____ The appearance of an organism is its

a)genotypeb) phenotype

  1. ____ The different versions of genes are called

a)centromeresb) centriolesc) tetradsd) alleles

  1. ____ A homozygous dominant genotypes is shown by

a)AAb) Aac) aa

  1. ____ In a pedigree, the recessive trait is shaded.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ If HH is crossed with hh, all the offspring will be

a)HHb) hhc) Hh

  1. ____ Crossing two heterozygous organisms (Hh x Hh) will give you a GENOTYPIC ratio of

a)2:2b) 3:1c) 4:0d) 1:2:1

  1. ____ In a testcross, the unknown dominant organism is crossed with a

a)homozygous dominant organismb) heterozygous organismc) homozygous recessive organism

  1. ____ Cystic fibrosis is a ______disorder.

a)dominantb) recessive

  1. ____ Down syndrome results from

a)a missing X chromosomeb) an extra 21st chromosomec) a point mutation

  1. ____ In a dihybrid cross, if both parents are heterozygous for both traits, the phenotypic ratio will be

a)4:4:4:4b) 16:0c) 9:3:3:1d) 3:1e) 4:0

PATTERNS OF HEREDITY

  1. ____ If two traits BLEND, then the alleles controlling these traits are

a)codominantb) incompletely dominantc) completely dominant

  1. ____ If two traits show together, then the alleles controlling these traits are

a)codominantb) incompletely dominantc) completely dominant

  1. ____ Which trait is controlled by multiple alleles?

a)cystic fibrosisb) malariac) sickle-cell anemiad) human blood type

  1. ____ More ____ get a sex-linked trait.

a)malesb) females

  1. ____ If a trait is X-linked, fathers can pass the X-linked allele to their

a)daughtersb) sonsc) sons and daughters

UNIT 6: EVOLUTION & CLASSIFICATION

With your partner, review the following topics. Write down things you need to remember.

  • Difference between microevolution and macroevolution
  • 4 steps of natural selection

What qualifies organisms as part of TWO DIFFERENT species? How does one species turn into two or more?

DARWIN AND THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION

  1. ____ Creationism is a scientific explanation for the origin of life on Earth.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ Which of the following is believed to have been the earliest to evolve?

a)land plantsb) bacteriac) aquatic dinosaursd) mammals

  1. ____ The founder of modern evolution theory is considered to be

a)Darwinb) Hookec) Boverid) Mendel

  1. ____ The process of evolution is called natural speciation.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ Evolution is based on mutation.

a)trueb) false

  1. ____ Any structure or behavior that allows an organism to survive in its environment is called a(n)

a)mutationb) adaptationc) homology

  1. ____ The ability of an organism to blend in with its surroundings is called

a)camouflageb) mimicry

MICROEVOLUTION

  1. ____ A change WITHIN the allele frequencies of one species is called

a)microevolutionb) macroevolution

  1. ____ When natural selection selects for the heterozygote, it is

a)directional selectionb) balancing selection

  1. ____ A chance event effects the genetic diversity of a population

a)genetic driftb) non-random matingc) gene flow

EVIDENCE FOR MACROEVOLUTION

  1. ____ “Left-over” organs resulting from evolution are called ____ structures

a)homologousb) analogousc) vestigial

  1. ____ Evolutionists use which of the following pieces of evidence as support?

a)fossilsb) DNA comparisonsc) embryo similaritiesd) all of these

  1. ____ Structures that have a similar embryological origin and structure but are adapted for different purposes, such as a bat wing and a human arm, are called

a)homologous structuresb) analogous structures

  1. ____ The slow change of organisms over time in the fossil record is called

a)punctuated equilibriumb) gradualism

  1. ____ Which of the following is NOT a form of reproductive isolation?

a)Timing

b)Behavior

c)Geographical separation

d)Different niche (habitat)

e)Incompatibility

CLASSIFICATION

  1. ____ In the name Homo sapien, Homo is the ____ name.

a)genusb) speciesc) kingdom

  1. ____ A system for naming species in which two words are used to name an organism is

a)binomial nomenclatureb) dichotomous nomenclaturec) cladistics

  1. ____ Which of the following sciences studies classification?

a)anatomyb) physiologyc) physicsd) taxonomy

scientist section

List the contributions of each of the following scientists

  1. Hooke
  2. Schleiden
  3. Schwann
  4. Leeuwenhoek
  5. Hershey and Chase
  6. Mendel
  7. Watson and Crick
  8. Darwin