Introduction

  1. What are the 3 subphyla of Phylum Chordata?
  1. What is the relationship between systematics and taxonomy?
  1. T/F Chordates are all vertebrates
  1. List the four characteristics that chordates share.
  1. Who is the "founder of modern taxonomy?"
  1. What two things are credited to him?
  1. What are the 2 forms of speciation?
  1. What vertebrate lineage has the most species?
  1. What is Darwin known for? What four conditions are necessary in order for this to occur?
  1. What are the three rules of morphological variation in endotherms?

Fish

  1. What makes sharks different from other fish?
  1. Name the two extant classes of Agnatha:
  1. List and describe the 3 types of fish scales:
  1. What caused the predatory lifestyle to begin?
  1. What fish class was the precursor to tetrapods?
  1. When was the age of the fishes?

Amphibians

  1. What is special/unique about amphibian eggs?
  1. What are the three extant orders of Amphibians?
  1. What does amphibian mean?
  1. What are the 3 theories about why fish moved to land?
  1. What does Lissamphibia mean?
  1. What is the Age of Amphibians?
  1. Name the characteristics of amphibians:
  1. What order of amphibians do not metamorphasize?

Reptiles

  1. When is the "Age of Reptiles?"
  1. What is temporal fenestration? What purpose does it serve?
  1. What are the names of the groups with different forms of temporal fenestrae? (three)
  1. What is the major evolutionary difference between amphibians and reptiles?
  1. Why is the amniotic egg significant?
  1. What is the name for the top and bottom of the turtle shell?
  1. What are the three traditional suborders of Order Squamata?
  1. Today, this traditional group is recognized to be included in two phylogenetic groups: Iguania and Scleroglossa.
  1. What is a patagium?
  1. Name the characteristics of reptiles.
  1. T/F Reptiles form a monophyletic group.

Birds

  1. T/F Birds form a monophyletic group.
  1. How many heart chambers do birds have?
  1. What is special about a bird's respiratory system?
  1. What was the first group of reptiles to have feathers?
  1. How else were they bird-like?
  1. T/F Feathers were derived from the skin?
  1. What are the three theories about flight evolution?
  1. ______: fused clavical
  2. ______: egg-laying
  3. ______:one ear ossicle
  4. ______: flightless birds with Gonduana distribution, possibly the basal group of birds

Mammals

  1. What are the characteristics of mammals?
  1. Therapsids have been found in both warm and cool environments. Why is this significant?
  1. What does the nasolacrimal duct suggest about stem mammmals?
  1. What are the three most significant changes that occurred during the shift between reptiles and mammals?
  1. What happened to the original reptilian jaw hinge?
  1. How did the new dentary hinge help mammals?
  1. T/F Monotreme eggs resemble bird eggs.
  1. What is the name of the pouch of metatherians?
  1. T/F Marsupials have viviparity.

Skeletal System

  1. What makes bones hard?
  1. Compare and contrast endochondral and membranous bones.
  1. T/F Turtles have an exoskeleton.
  1. What are the functions of the skeletal system?
  1. T/F bone is a living tissue.
  1. What are the components of the skeletal system? (2)
  1. What specializations of the appendicular skeleton were discussed in class?

Muscle System

  1. T/F Adults can increase the number of skeletal muscle cells.
  1. Why are intercalated disks important/helpful?
  1. What is the name of the membrane that surrounds the muscle fibers?
  2. What are the two types of muscle myofilaments?
  1. How can you distinguish between them?
  1. What is the name of the nerves that control skeletal muscle?
  1. Where does energy for muscle contraction come from?
  1. What is the name for fish muscle?
  1. What is the difference between fast and slow muscle?
  1. What is an example of a slow muscle/fast muscle?

Circulatory System

  1. What are the 3 functions of the circulatory system?
  1. Name the two components of the circulatory system
  1. Why do ventricles have thicker walls than atria?
  1. What components can be found in plasma?
  1. What are the names for the 3 types of blood cells?
  1. Diagram and label: artery, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
  1. What is the function of the lymphatic system?
  1. What is a portal vein?
  1. ______takes blood to liver.
  1. ______takes blood to kidneys.
  1. ______sac that collects blood before entering atrium in fish.
  1. T/F Amphibians have two heart ventricles.
  1. How is the amphibian (and reptile) circulatory system more advanced than the fish circulatory system?
  1. ______circuittaking oxygen-poor blood to lungs and back to heart.
  1. ______circuittaking oxygen-rich blood to body and back.
  1. After returning to the body, the blood flows into the ______atrium?
  1. The aortic arch curves ______in birds and ______in mammals
  1. T/F All reptiles have 3 heart chambers.