Name ______Date ______Period ___
Westward Expansion, Industrialization, and Immigration
Unit 1 Chapters 12-15
Mining and Ranching Opportunities in the West
¨ By 1848 ______people had traveled West to reach rich ______.
¨ ______were in search of the Big Strike: ______
¡ ______- miners in search of gold. Mainly men coming from all over including ______&______
¡ Between 1850-60 ______’s population jumped from 93,000 to over 380,000 and towns were formed
¡ Many searched the ______of the Dakotas and very few ever struck it rich. Many believed in the saying “Gold is where I ain’t”
¨ Ranchers and Cowboys
¡ Ranchers settled in the ______utilizing a different natural resource: ______
¡ With growing population in the ______Cities, demand for ______was high.
¡ ______- cowboys followed this trail and drove longhorns north for San Antonio, Texas to Abilene, Kansas. From Kansas the beef was ______on the railway to meat packing centers like ______
¡ Cowboys led rough lives, defending against ______and people who tried to steal the cattle.
¡ ______was invented to fence off farms.
¡ ______killed thousands of cattle forcing ranchers into bankruptcy.
Railroads Open the West to Rapid Settlement
¨ Transcontinental Railroad- In progress throughout the 1950’s. After the ______was passed in 1962, Central Pacific and Union Pacific started constructing rail lines
¨ Central Pacific worked from the ______and hired many workers from ______and began construction in 1865. Rough Terrain was a major challenge. ______, mountains, ______and snow all made major obstacles on the job.
¨ Union Pacific worked from the ______with many ______Immigrants, ex-soldiers, and former slaves. Challenges for Union Pacific mainly came from ______who opposed the building of the railroad.
¨ Promontory Point, Utah- May 10th, 1869. Traveling across country now took ______rather than 4 months. Rail road expansion continued and towns sprang up along the rail lines.
Indian Wars
¨ The Railroad was a threat to the Native American ______It cut through their hunting ground and disturbed the ______
¨ Native American’s refused to change their customs to conform to the settlers and conflicts arose
¡ ______- forced tribes to move West, then settlers began to move in creating conflict
¡ Conflict occurred due to… Nomadic styles of living, killing of the Buffalo, and giving up homeland
¡ Sand Creek Massacre-US military ______150 Native American Women and Children in Colorado
¡ ______- Federal Land reserved for Native Tribes, but often reservations were violated and utilized by settlers
¡ Battle of Little Big Horn- “______”- Sioux and Cheyenne Native Americans were under attack of US Calvery Troops under General Custer. Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse wiped out Custer’s troops. The next few years federal forces hunted and captured over 3,000 Sioux warriors.
¡ ______- federal law distributing land to individual Indians rather than to tribes therefore encouraging Indians to become assimilated.
Settling the Great Plains
¡ Opportunities
¨ Expansion of ______
¨ Safer from Tribes
¨ ______- 160 acres of public land for a small fee if you agreed to work and live the land for 5 years
¨ Morrill Land-Grant Act- gave each state large tracts ______and use the fund to to build agricultural colleges
¨ Fresh Start for Settlers
¡ Challenges
¨ Building homes- ______(dug into the side of a hill) and ______(stacked prairie turf)
¨ Droughts (windmills)
¨ Blizzards
¨ African Americans See the Plains as the “Promise Land”
¡ Former Slaves were looking for opportunity to own their own land.
¡ Thousands of former slaves migrated to Kansas and beyond became known as ______.
¡ Although many African American’s adjusted well, some still faced ______.
Farmers Rise up in PROTEST
¨ Farmers were struggling with a cycle of debt.
¨ Machinery-______and usually required farmers to ______
¨ As prices went up farmers would make money to pay off ______
¨ As prices dropped they would try and plant as many crops as possible to make up the difference
¨ Farmers would often barrow money to ______to grow more crops to make more money in order to make money to pay off debts (never ending cycle)
Shipping Problems of Farmers
¡ -Farmers were at the mercy of the ______
¡ - Railroads established ______for western farmers that were higher than the east
¡ - Railroads were ______(could charge what they wanted because there was no competition
The Populist Party
¨ ______- a political philosophy that favors the _____ person’s interest over those of wealthy people or business interests
¨ 1870’s- ______were passed in several states
¡ Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific R.R. v. Illinois- the federal government has the right to______interstate commerce
¡ Interstate commerce Act of 1887- established the Interstate Commerce Commission to ensure that railroads set “______.”
Populist Party supports Silver and Gold
¨ ______- monetary policy in the US where every paper dollar is backed by gold (______)
¨ Greenbackers (Populist Party) supports every dollar in the economy being backed by ______to increase the amount of dollars in the economy. (______)
¨ Populist Party backed ______in the 1896 election, but after Bryan’s defeat the populist party died but left a lasting impression for ______for the common man.
New Inventions and Technologies
¨ The horse and buggy, candles, oil lamps, and ice box era was soon to ______
¨ ______- economic system in which factories, equipment, and other means of production are privately owned rather than being controlled by government.
¨ Patents- gives the inventor the sole legal right to ______for a specified period of time. 1790- 1860: 36,000 patents from 1860-1900: 600,000 patents were issued
Communication and Transportation changes
¨ 1836- ______, Samuel B Morse
¨ 1876- Telephone, ______
¨ Automobiles from ______in the late 1800’s
¨ 1903- ______, Wright Brothers from Dayton Ohio
¨ 1880’s- Light Bulb and Electricity, Thomas Edison (factories run ______, industry BOOMED)
Oil and Steel Discoveries
¨ 1859- ______was successful drilling for OIL with the steam engine.
¨ Oil is a resource with lots of ______.
¨ 1855- Henry Bessemer: ______- blowing air into iron to remove the carbon and make steel. A much cheaper process. Steel began to be used in EVERYTHING, railroads, skyscrapers, bridges, machines, etc…
¨ ______decided to invest heavily in steep and formed the Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburg Pennsylvania (hence, the Steelers YUCK)
Industrial Growth
¨ ______: Land, Labor and Capital
¡ Land- resources; oil, ______, and minerals
¡ ______- workers (immigrants)
¡ Capital- Money, ______, ______, and machinery
______- company that is recognized by law as existing independently from its owners. Helped small businesses expand and buy more capital
People could invest (buy stock) in corporations and the owners were ______for failure of the business.
Monopolies Form
¨ John D Rockerfeller: Standard Oil Company, found ways to reduce competition by ______competitors. He would often undersell his product.
¨ Forming Trusts- a trust is a set of companies that were managed by a small group known as trustees, which have the power to ______from anyone in the Trust.
Big Business and Government
¨ Corporations expand-
¡ Horizontal Integration- joining firms in the ______
¡ Vertical Integration-taking control of ______and distribution of a product (raw materials, manufacturing, packaging, and shipping)
¨ Government Leaves Business Alone
¡ ______- (allow to do) The market will regulate itself through supply and demand (No Government)
¡ ______- Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, the best run businesses are run by the most capable people and will survive and prosper. (No Government)
Government Takes Some Action
¨ ______- Outlawed trusts, monopolies, and other forms of business that restricted trade and reduced competition. Although the language was vague, government was stepping in.
The Gilded Age
¨ Something that is gilded looks like GOLD, ______.
¨ Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Vanderbilt- started as ______(risk takers) and along the way made mass fortunes.
¨ ______or Captains of Industry??? Supporters or critics, you decide.
Working Class Conditions
¨ ______- Men, Women, and Children who provided skill, muscle that helped push America productivity to new heights that made employers rich. (6 days a week, 10-12 hours a day, $1 a day)
¨ Division of Labor- Production divided into ______, one assigned to each worker.
¡ ______environments (slaughter houses)
ú Whirling shafts, slippery floors, spinning blades, no helmets or safety glasses, toxic gases and dust (coal miners)
Child Labor
¨ Even with both parents working, a typical family could ______and children went to work.
¨ Children earned less than adults, so ______them. 6 year olds worked in cotton mills of Georgia and 8 year olds worked in Coal Mines.
¨ Children were smaller so often had more ______(fit into running machinery to fix it)
Unsanitary Living Conditions
¨ ______s- run down apartment buildings often in heavily populated slums.
¡ Over______(eat, cook, and sleep in a 10x10 room for a family of 6)
¡ No ______
¡ Disease infested
¡ No ____
¡ No ______
The Labor Movement
¨ Labor Unions- group of workers organized to ______of its members (most unions focus on three goals: higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions)
¨ ______- a labor action in which workers simply refuse to go to work (this could shut down a mine, factory, or railroad) ______are generally the last resort.
¨ Many employers forced workers to sign ______, written pledges to not join a union and if workers refused they were blacklisted.
Unions
¨ ______- 1869-1886: by Terence Powderly, Union for all people
¨ ______- 1888: By Samuel Gompers, Union for skill workers in particular trades
¨ ______- 1905: William Haywood, Eugene V. Debs, and Daniel De Leon; Union for lumbermen, miners, textile workers, and dockworkers. (Very Socialists- advocates ownership of the means of production rather than private property: ______, German Philosopher)
STRIKES
¨ ______: Railways slashed workers wages and children were starving to death. Rail workers across the nation went on strike and ½ the nations railways had shut down. Riots broke out and violent clashes with the state militias occurred and Rutherford B. Hayes called the army to restore order. 100 were killed during the two week strike.
¨ ______- Chicago 1886, a protest meeting was called by anarchists on Haymarket Square in Chicago protesting police brutality. Although the protest remained calm 180 police stormed the protest and someone threw a bomb into the crowd. Police fired and 4 were killed. Four radical anarchists were tried and executed for their part in the demonstration. This affair left the labor movement divided for unions feared backing radicals.
¨ ______- Homestead Pennsylvania 1892, steelworkers went on strike over pay cuts. Henry Frick, Carnegie’s manager, hired 300 private guards to protect the plant against the strikers. Strikers were armed and ready to fight the private guards. Pinkerton’s guards lost the battle even though 9 strikers died. State militia was called and strikers were locked out of the plant for 45 years.
¨ ______- Chicago 1894, Pullman town was created around the railcar factory. All Pullman employees lived in the town, had company owned houses, and bought food from company owned stores. Many workers were in debt to Pullman Car Company. Pullman cut wages and a strike occurred shutting down traffic in the Midwest. President Cleveland sent in troops and after a violent encounter the strike collapsed. Most workers were fired and blacklisted and Pullman Car Company was never the same.
The Immigrant Experience
¨ Push Factors- ______that cause people to move
¨ Pull Factors- ______people to another place
¨ People were pushed from ______due to population growth, hunger, availability of land, and religious persecution
¨ People were pulled to the ______because of the free democratic society, ample farmland, minerals, plains, industry (jobs), and ______(letters from relatives who had already migrated).
Transportation
The voyage which once took 3 months now took ___weeks due to ______advances
¨ Travel was not easy on ______( open area below the main deck) where people slept in the same room on metal beds, seasickness, spoiled food, overcrowded, and filthy toilets.
Ellis Island
¨ 1892- Ellis Island Immigration Station was built in the ______. Immigrants arriving from ______often arrived at Ellis Island.
¨ Inspections and Exams
¡ Medical Inspections (______)
¡ ______examination (LHX)
¡ Legal ______(names shortened)
¡ Contract Laborers (not allowed)
______were denied entrance and had to stay for treatment or await hearings only ___ were every deported.
Life in the Cities
¨ Main cities (industrial centers)
¡ ______, ______, ______, ______
Population booms
¨ ______(little Italy, China Town, etc..)
¨ Immigrants not welcomed
¨ With a lack of ______, and support immigrants suffered
¨ Immigrants need help
¡ ______or friends
¡ ______(met in churches, groceries, or saloons)
¡ ______- community center that provided aid to immigrants (child care, classes, health clinics, and recreational opportunities)
¡ ______- powerful leaders who ran cities would help the immigrants in exchange for votes
¨ ______- Americanization of immigrants
¨ Nativism- ______anyone who was not “native” born
¨ 1894- ______- all new arrivals had to take literacy tests- the President Vetoed it….but began to pass quota laws
Immigration from Asia
¨ Chinese seek ______, jobs, and new opportunities
¨ Chinese Exclusion Act 1882- shut the doors on China by ______from Chinese laborers for ____ years (1st time the US had restricted immigration)
¨ Immigration went from 40,000 to 279 two years later
Angel Island
¨ Angel Island Immigration Station 1910- “Ellis Island of the West” San Francisco Bay, mainly used to restrict Chinese Immigrants
¨ Other Immigrants
¡ ______
¡ ______
¡ ______
¡ ______
¨ ______- notes between U.S. and Japan where Japanese officials agreed not to allow laborers to emigrate to the U.S.
Immigration from North and South
¨ North- French ______- came to US for Civil War and over 900,000 came to US after mainly from Quebec.