Edited by Bruce W. Webb & Dirk De Boer
IAHS Publ. 314 (2007) ISBN 978-1-901502-14-5; 322 + x ppprice £62.00
The abstracts of the papers in this volumecan be seen at: , with information about other IAHS publications and IAHS activities.
This volume is an outcome of a symposium organized by the IAHS International Commissions on Water Quality (ICWQ), Continental Erosion (ICCE), and Groundwater (ICGW), and the Predictions in Ungauged Basins (PUB) Working Group, with the objective of bringing together experts to provide a state-of-the-art review of our current understanding of how water quality and sediment behaviour might alter as a result of climate and land-use change during the 21st century. The aim was to examine, for both surface water and groundwater systems, not only the nature and controls of future changes in water quality and sediment behaviour, but also what the implications of these will be for human use of water and for freshwater ecosystems, and how well our science is equipped to predict the future in this regard. Thirty-six reviewed papers were accepted for publication. They are grouped in three sections in this volume: Sediment and Nutrient Behaviour in Surface Waters; Metals and Other Water Quality Problems; and Management Issues.
Contents
Contents
Preface by Bruce W. Webb
/ v1 /
Sediment and Nutrient Behaviour in Surface Waters
Suspended sediment yields in the Amazon basin of Peru: a first estimationJeanLoup Guyot, Hector Bazan, Pascal Fraizy, Juan Julio Ordonez,
Elisa ArmijosAlain Laraque / 3
Impacts of human activities on the sediment regime of the Yangtze RiverQiongfang Li, Zhenhua Zou, Ziqiang Xia, Wei Zhang & Huiqing Wang / 11
Modelling extreme suspended sediment concentrations in North America: frequency analysis and correlations with watershed characteristics
Yves Tramblay, André Saint-Hilaire & Taha B. M. J. Ouarda / 20
Predicting the impact of projected change in agriculture by 2015 on annual mean fluvial suspended sediment concentrations across England and Wales
Adrian L. Collins, Steven G. Anthony, Tony Turner & Julia Hawley / 28
Neuroevolution methodologies applied to sediment forecasting
Alison J. Heppenstall, Linda M. See & Robert J. Abrahart / 38
Modelling discharge, water chemistry and sediment load from a subarctic river basin: the Tanana River, Alaska Kazuhisa A. Chikita, Tomoyuki Wada,
Isao Kudo, Daisaku Kido, Yu-Ichi Narita & Yongwon Kim / 45
Measuring the fluxes of suspended sediment, trace elements and nutrients for the City of Atlanta, USA: insights on the global water quality impacts of increasing urbanization Arthur J. Horowitz, Kent A. Elrick & James J. Smith / 57
Assessing the effects of design and climate change on sediment removal in urban stormwater ponds Catherine T. Morgan, Kate V. Heal, Steve G. Wallis & Rebecca J. Lunn / 71
Scale-related sediment and phosphorus transfers in small agricultural catchmentsClare Deasy, Richard E. Brazier, A. Louise Heathwaite & Robin Hodgkinson / 79
Modelling climate change impact on phosphorus load in Swedish rivers
Jörgen Rosberg & Berit Arheimer / 90
Groundwater–surface water exchange fluxes in a Pleistocene lowland and the impacts on riparian zone water balance and nitrate conditions Stefan Krause, Axel Bronstert & Erwin Zehe / 98
Effect of frequent storms on nutrient discharge in a mountainous coastal catchment, western Japan Shin-ichi Onodera, Misa Sawano, Mitsuyo Saito& Hidehiro Takahashi / 108
Evaluation des méthodes d’estimation de flux événementiels des nitrates et d’atrazine sur un bassin agricole / Evaluation of estimation methods for nitrate and atrazine loads during rainfall events in agricultural catchments
Adilson Pinheiro, Flavie Cernesson & Jean François Dubernet / 117
Modelling catchment-scale nitrate transport using a combined process-based and data-driven approach Rajesh Raj Shrestha & Michael Rode / 125
2 / Metals and Other Water Quality Problems
Long-term trend of uranium concentrations in Beaverlodge Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada, under mine decommissioning Huaxia Yao, Robert Kidd &
Michio Hashino / 137
The distribution of heavy metals in a highly regulated river: the River Murray, Australia Martin C. Thoms / 145
Assessing water–sediment processes for metals in rivers polluted by mining to predict environmental impacts in developing countries M. Aurora Armienta, Azucena Dótor, Flor E. Arcega-Cabrera, Oscar Talavera,Alejandra Aguayo,
Nora Ceniceros & Olivia Cruz / 155
The distribution of metals (Co, As and Zn) in a residential urban watershed, typical of the Brazilian suburbs Cristiano Poleto & Gustavo Henrique Merten / 163
Quantifying sediment deposition and the spatial variability of sediment-associated metals in ponds treating urban diffuse pollution Alan J. Jones,
Kate V. Heal, Neil Stuart, Steve G. Wallis, Rebecca J. Lunn & Barbara Barbarito / 173
Kohonen self-organising map (KSOM) extracted features for enhancing
MLP-ANN prediction models of BOD5 Rabee Rustum, Adebayo Adeloye &
Aurore Simala / 181
Simulation by the IPTM-CS model of pesticides found in surface water and groundwater of the Fucino Plain, Italy Eva Pacioni, Marco Petitta &
Miguel A. Mariño / 188
Some reflections on the future of the water quality of the Corumbataí River basin, São Paulo State, Brazil Daniel Marcos Bonotto &
Jorge Luis Nepomuceno De Lima / 197
An assessment of water quality changes within the Athi and Nairobi river basins during the last decade Shadrack Mulei Kithiia / 205
Flood flow water quality analysis using low-cost samplers in small rivers Janaína Bezerra Mesquita Lima & Sérgio Koide / 213
Community-based monitoring and the science of water quality C. Conrad / 217
3 /
Management Issues, Groundwater Contamination and Soil Erosion
Future impacts of freshwater resource management: sensitivity of coastal deltas Charles J. Vörösmarty, Jason P. Ericson, S.Lawrence Dingman, Larry G. Ward & Michel Meybeck / 231Appropriate use of catchment models for water-quality target setting and land-use management BradfordS. Sherman, Jon Brodie, Lex Cogle & Chris Carroll / 239
Development and application of a Watershed Information System (WIS) for water quality analyses Conceicao De Maria Albuquerque Alves
Daniel Pete Loucks / 251
Groundwater of the future in the Roussillon flood plain: present-day situation and solutions for the 21st century Pierre Serrat / 261
Nitrate contamination in groundwater of the Yellow River Delta and its effect on the marine environment Mitsuyo Saito, Shin-ichi Onodera, Kunihide Miyaoka, Jianyao Chen, Makoto Taniguchi, Guanqun Liu & Yoshihiro Fukushima / 271
The assessment of groundwater vulnerability in China Tang Lihua,
Zhang Sicong & Yao Wenfeng / 278
Hydrogeochemistry of groundwater in a part of the hard rock terrain of central India L. P. Chourasia / 286
Runoff erosion control for a sustainable water supply in Niamey, Niger RepublicIssoufou Abdoulkader / 293
The effect of parent material and landuse on soil erosion: a case study of the Taleghan drainage basin, Iran Sadat Feiznia & Kazem Nosrati / 300
Sediment yield in the Daryacheh-Namak drainage basin, Iran, and its relation to land-use changes Sadat Feiznia, Abdolhossein Mohammadi & Sepideh Zakikhani / 306
Implications of changes in river sediments during the 21st century for freshwater ecosystems in northeast India U. C. Sharma & Vikas Sharma / 312
Key word index / 321
Water Quality and Sediment Behaviour of the Future: Predictions for the 21st Century
(Proceedings of Symposium HS2005 at IUGG2007, Perugia, July 2007). IAHS Publ. 314, 2007, 3-10
Suspended sediment yields in the Amazon basin of Peru: a first estimation
Jean Loup GUYOT1, Hector BAZAN2, Pascal FRAIZY1, Juan Julio ORDONEZ3, ELISA ARMIJOS4ALAIN LARAQUE5
1IRD – LMTG (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement – Laboratoire des Mécanismes de Transfert en Géologie), Casilla 18-1209, Lima 18, Peru
2UNALM – FIA (Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina – Facultad de Ingeniería Agrícola), Avenida La Molina s/n, Lima 12, Peru
3SENAMHI – DGH (Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología – Dirección General de Hidrología), Casilla 11-1308, Lima 11, Peru
4INAMHI, Iñaquito700 y Corea,Quito, Ecuador
5IRD – OBHI (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement – OBHI), Centre Martinique-Caraibe, BP 8006, 97259 Fort de France Cedex, France
Abstract The Amazon basin represents 76% of the area of Peru. From north to south, the Andean tributaries of the AmazonasRiver in Peru are: the NapoRiver (100520km2, 6300 m3s-1), the MarañónRiver (360550km2, 14700m3s-1) and the UcayaliRiver (360490km2, 13800m3s-1). The total suspended sediment yield exported from Peru to Brazil by these rivers is about 450106tyear-1 for the 2004–2006 period (12% from the NapoRiver, 40% from the MarañónRiver and 48% from the UcayaliRiver). As the Amazon flood plain traverses the Andean piedmont and reaches its mouth, sediment yield increases along the Napo and Marañón rivers. This suggests the occurrence of erosion processes in the lowlands as observed in Ecuador, rather than the occurrence of sedimentation as observed along the MadeiraRiver in Bolivia. At all the study stations, discharge and suspended sediment yield show a very high degree of seasonal variation.
Key words Amazon basin; hydrology; Peru; suspended sediment
Water Quality and Sediment Behaviour of the Future: Predictions for the 21st Century
(Proceedings of Symposium HS2005 at IUGG2007, Perugia, July 2007). IAHS Publ. 314, 2007, 11-19
Impacts of human activities on the sediment regime of the Yangtze River
QIONGFANG LI, ZHENHUA ZOU, ZIQIANG XIA, Wei zhang & huiqing wang
State Key Laboratory of Hydrology, Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering,
HohaiUniversity, Nanjing 210098, China
Abstract The Yangtze River (Changjiang) is one of the most important rivers in the world, and the alterations in its hydrological regime have global-scale impacts. However, with population increase and economic growth, the sediment regime of the Yangtze River has been altered to some extent by human activities, including dam construction, deforestation, soil and water conservation, etc. The alteration in the sediment regime of the Yangtze River will unavoidably influence its morphology and geomorphology, the delta evolution and the ecosystem health and stability. To assess dam-induced alterations in the sediment regime of the Yangtze River quantitatively, the Danjiangkou Reservoir, the Gezhouba Reservoir and the Three Gorges Reservoirhave been selected as case study sites, and the whole study period was divided into four sub-periods according to the years when these three reservoirs started to store water. On the basis of the time series of daily sediment discharge from six key hydrological stations (Wanxian, Yichang, Hankou, Datong, Baihe and Xiantao), the changes in annual, seasonal and monthly sediment load in different sub-periods, and the driving forces, were explored. The results in this paper could provide a reference for the assessment of impacts of human activities on thehealth and stability of the Yangtze River ecosystem.
Key wordsYangtze River; Danjiangkou Reservoir; Gezhouba Reservoir; Three Gorges Reservoir;sediment regime; hydrological changes
Water Quality and Sediment Behaviour of the Future: Predictions for the 21st Century
(Proceedings of Symposium HS2005 at IUGG2007, Perugia, July 2007). IAHS Publ. 314, 2007, 20-27
Modelling extreme suspended sediment concentrations in North America: frequency analysis and correlations with watershed characteristics
YVES TRAMBLAY, André Saint-Hilaire & Taha B.M.J. Ouarda
INRS-ETE, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, Québec G1A9A9, Canada
Abstract Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) is an important abiotic variable for river habitats. Inspired by the statistical methods developed for flood frequency analysis, the probabilistic approach adopted in this paper is used to quantify extreme SSC events. Probability distributions were fitted to 149 series of annual maxima of SSC in Canada and the USA in order to estimate quantiles of SSC for different return periods. The most adequate probability distributions for modelling extreme events of SSC were selected based on the Bayesian information criteria. Seasonal patterns of occurrence of extreme concentrations were also analysed. Then, in order to investigate the links between magnitude of extreme SSC and drainage basin characteristics, correlations between annual maximum SSC, discharge, and a large range of physiographic variables were calculated, and the most significant ones were highlighted.
Key words extremes; frequency analysis; physiographic influences;suspended sediment concentrations
______Water Quality and Sediment Behaviour of the Future: Predictions for the 21st Century
(Proceedings of Symposium HS2005 at IUGG2007, Perugia, July 2007). IAHS Publ. 314, 2007, 28-37
Predicting the impact of projected change in agriculture by 2015 on annual mean fluvial suspended sediment concentrations across England and Wales
ADRIAN L. COLLINS1, STEVEN G. ANTHONY1, TONY TURNER2 & JULIA HAWLEY2
1Environment Systems, ADAS, Woodthorne, Wergs Road, WolverhamptonWV6 8TQ, UK
2Rural Management Group, ADAS, Woodthorne, Wergs Road, WolverhamptonWV6 8TQ, UK
Abstract With respect to achieving “good ecological status” (GES) for freshwaters by 2015, ADAS has recently been commissioned by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) to estimate the gap between current and target losses of suspended sediment from diffuse agricultural sources across England and Wales. The work required a model for predicting mean annual total suspended sediment loads (SSL) and time-weighted mean fluvial suspended sediment concentrations (SSC). GES was defined in terms of the guideline annual average SSC of 25 mg L-1 cited by the EC Freshwater Fish Directive. National scale sediment source apportionment was undertaken to estimate the contributions of diffuse agricultural and urban sector sediment losses, channel bank erosion and point source discharges to the total SSL in all rivers. Landscape sediment retention was taken into account. The total SSL estimated for each Water Framework Directive (WFD) sub-catchment across England and Wales was used in conjunction with predicted flow exceedence to derive corresponding SSC time-exceedence plots. Baseline (year 2000) sediment load reductions required from the agricultural sector for meeting the target threshold SSC of 25 mg L-1 were estimated at national scale. Projected change in agriculture (structural and uptake of sediment mitigation methods) by 2015 was incorporated in the modelling exercise to predict the associated changes in SSL and mean annual SSC. The findings suggest that in addition to current agri-environment schemes, e.g. Countryside Stewardship, Catchment Sensitive Farming (CSF), further mitigation will be necessary under the River Basin Management Plans (RBMPs) of the WFD to reduce diffuse agricultural sediment losses for achieving GES in some parts of England and Wales.
Key words agriculture; sediment; good ecological status
Water Quality and Sediment Behaviour of the Future: Predictions for the 21st Century
(Proceedings of Symposium HS2005 at IUGG2007, Perugia, July 2007). IAHS Publ. 314, 2007, 38-44
Neuroevolution methodologies applied to sediment forecasting
ALISON J. HEPPENSTALL1, LINDA M. SEE1 & ROBERT J. ABRAHART2
1School of Geography, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, UK
2School of Geography, University of Nottingham, NottinghamNG7 2RD, UK
Abstract Sediment forecasting represents a significant modelling challenge. This is due to the combined effects of suspended sediment transfer and throughput being source limited and subject to hysteresis effects. Recent approaches to modelling and forecasting have involved the use of neural networks. Despite yielding good results, this method has its own set of limitations, for example lack of guidance in parameter setting and the potential to overtrain. This paper reports on the application of a neuroevolutionary toolbox, JavaSANE.This toolbox is applied to two catchments in Puerto Rico that have been previously studied by Kisi (2005), who used a range of different methods including a neuro-fuzzy approach and neural networks to model suspended sediment in these catchments. These experiments are replicated using JavaSANE and compared to the results reported in Kisi (2005).These results show that JavaSANE produces estimates that are better or comparable to those of Kisi (2005).
Key words genetic algorithm; JavaSANE; neural network; neuroevolution; Puerto Rico; sediment
Water Quality and Sediment Behaviour of the Future: Predictions for the 21st Century
(Proceedings of Symposium HS2005 at IUGG2007, Perugia, July 2007). IAHS Publ. 314, 2007, 45-56
Modelling discharge, water chemistry and sediment load from a subarctic river basin: the TananaRiver, Alaska
KAZUHISA A. CHIKITA1, TOMOYUKI WADA1, ISAO KUDO2, DAISAKU KIDO1, YU-ICHI NARITA1 & YONGWON KIM3
1Laboratory of Physical Hydrology, Faculty of Science, HokkaidoUniversity, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
2Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, HokkaidoUniversity, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan
3InternationalArcticResearchCenter, the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska99775-7340, USA
AbstractWith reference to elevation effects on air temperature and rainfall, the time series of discharge, suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and SiO2 in the Tanana River, Alaska, are simulated by a conceptual model, the tank model. The simulations are reasonable (correlation coefficient r = 0.684 to 0.953) for all the time series obtained in the glacier-melt periods of 2002, 2004 and 2005. The smog from large forest fires in the summers of 2004 and 2005 sporadically covered the glacierized regions in the river basin, which were defined by field observation and using satellite imagery. The correlation for the discharge series was relatively low in or around the smog-covered periods. This is caused by the overestimation of calculated glacier-melt discharge. The runoff analyses revealed that, in spite of the 5.6% glacierized area, the glacier-melt discharge comprises 35.2 to 54.2% of the river discharge. The simulations of the SSC and SiO2 series suggest that the suspended sediment originates mostly from glacierized regions, and SiO2 mainly from the mineral layer in the permafrost regions.
Key words forest fires; glacier; permafrost; sediment load; TananaRiver; tank model
Water Quality and Sediment Behaviour of the Future: Predictions for the 21st Century
(Proceedings of Symposium HS2005 at IUGG2007, Perugia, July 2007). IAHS Publ. 314, 2007, 57-70
Measuring the fluxes of suspended sediment, trace elements and nutrients for the City of Atlanta, USA: insights on the global water quality impacts of increasing urbanization
Arthur J. Horowitz, Kent A. Elrick & James J. Smith
US Geological Survey, PeachtreeBusinessCenter, 3039 Amwiler Road, Atlanta, Georgia30360, USA
Abstract During 2004 and 2005, suspended sediment fluxes from the City of Atlanta amounted to about 150000 t year-1; 94% of the transport occurred in conjunction with stormflow, which also accounted for 65% of the annual discharge; typically, stormflow occurred during 20% of the year. Based on annual median chemical concentrations for baseflow and stormflow, the annual fluxes of 75% of trace elements (e.g. Cu, Pb, Zn), major elements (e.g. Fe, Al) and total P were sediment-associated; in turn, 90% of this transport was storm-related. As such, baseflow sediment-associated and all dissolved contributions represent a relatively insignificant portion of the total annual load. An exception is total N, whose sediment-associated fluxes range from 50 to 60%; even so, storm-related transport exceeded 80% of the total.