HUMAN APPEAL SOMALIA
WASH BASELINE REPORT
September – November
2017
Table of Contents
Acknowledgment
Executive Summary
INTRODUCTION.
1.1Background.
1.2Objective of the Baseline Survey.
1.3The Baseline Survey process.
1.4Organization of the report.
2.METHODOLOGY
2.1Survey Design.
2.2Desk review
2.3Study Team.
2.4Data Collection Tool.
2.5Selection of Respondents.
2.6Data collection and Organization.
2.7Data Analysis and Reporting.
2.8Ethical Consideration.
3.0Findings
3.1Sampled area/district/village.
3.2Socio-Demographic Information.
3.3Water Source for the household.
3.4Water Supply and Management
3.5Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Hygiene and Sanitation Issues.
3.5.1Sanitation Conditions
3.6Hygiene and Health
4.0Conclusion and Recommendation
4.1Conclusion
4.2Recommendations
Annex 1.
Acknowledgment
Human Appeal Somalia is very grateful to Banadir WASH cluster focal pointsand Somalia National WASH coordination who provided necessary supportduring the assessment.
We would also like to thank Daynile and Kahda district administrations and IDP camp leaders who provided us with greatsupport during this exercise. Our special thanks also goes to the respondents who voluntarily provided us with the information we were seeking for as well as the assessment team who worked hard to insure the success of the exercise.
Executive Summary
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) is generally a challenge in Somalia particularly in IDP settlementswhere access to water and sanitation facilities is limited due to the high influx in some of these camps. Children particularly the ones under the age of 5 years mostly fall victim to diseases caused by poor sanitation and hygiene practices.
A baseline survey was conducted by HA-Somalia in September-October 2017 in Kahda and Daynile district of Banadir region with an overall objective of assessing the accessibility level of safe water and sanitation facilities, identifying and assessing the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) of the target population on hygiene and sanitation.
The baseline survey employed cross-section study design and quantitative data collection methods. Extensive desk review and consultation with the regional and national WASH coordinators to define key indicators and designing data collection tools. The baseline survey was conducted in 2 purposively selected districts where quantitative data was collected from 100 randomly selected households in IDP camps in these districts. Spot check/observation was also employed to assess the availability and utilization of sanitation facilities.
Findings of the baseline survey revealed that 96% of the interviewed don’t have access to a latrine in their households. This result to them to defecate in the open and in the bush exposing them to the risk of diseases especially young children under the age of 5 years who were revealed that in each of the household 28% of them had at least 1 girl child under that age bracket while 23% had at least one boy child.
On the practice of hand washing especially before meal or after defecating/visiting latrine was found to be amongst the lowest with 73% not have the access to soap to wash their hands citing lack of money to purchase one. However, a good number of them acknowledge the importance of using soap to wash their hands indicating that it improves on personal hygiene, kills germs and improves on cleanliness.
Majority of those interviewed get water from water-pipe system in the camps. A big concern was that 79% of the interviewed don’t treat that water since they think the water is clean and also blamed the high cost of treating water and that it consumes a lot of time. This shows there is need on awareness creation and sensitization on the importance of treating water for drinking.
Malaria and diarrhea were cited as the major diseases affecting the targeted population with 53% of them indicating that at least one member of the household has been a victim of these diseases. It was reviewed that majority of those who have been affected by these diseases are children under five years and pregnant women at 43%. On awareness of any health facility nearby, 69% of them said that they are not aware of any which result to them using home remedies, tradition and herbal medication as means of treatment.
INTRODUCTION.
1.1Background.
Mogadishu is a highly complex humanitarian environment. The prolonged conflict destroyed most of the basic social services infrastructure and the Somali Federal Government (FGS) needs international support to renovate and restore necessary services. The IDP settlements are scattered across the city and the limited space in the settlements poses a huge challenge to the delivery of services.
According to UNICEF-Somalia-humanitarian-situation-report-September-2017, Over 4.4 million people in Somalia are still projected to need humanitarian WASH services into 2018. Displacement, due to drought and conflict, continues in mass scale with 975,000 people displaced in 2017, including 130,000 people newly displaced in the month of July alone; making internally displaced among the most vulnerable in Somalia. It is estimated that close to 80,000 children, who would otherwise have been enrolled this year, have lost their opportunity to go to school due to displacement
Most of the newly displaced are moving into urban areas and joining existing settlements, while others are crossing into neighboring countries. About more than 400,000 people live in settlements in and around Mogadishu creating high competition and increasing the need of making basic needs and facilities such as water, food, sanitation & health facilities among others accessible to them. Due to the competition and limited assistance from the different players, institutions and partners etc. majority of the people living in these settlements particularly in IDP camps face mountain of challenges in their day to day lives.
Poor and lack of sanitation facilities for example exposes the population to the risk of being infected by fatal diseases which is contributed and caused by poor hygiene practices in absence of these facilities particularly in IDP camps. In order to mitigate on these risk, Human Appeal Somalia intends to implement a project that will focus on helping people access safe sanitation facilities and contribute towards sustainable proper Hygiene practices. So as to argument the achievement of the planned interventions, a baseline assessment was deemed necessary to benchmark on the current situation in the targeted locations in order to have a strategic plan of interventions.
1.2Objective of the Baseline Survey.
The overall objective of the baseline survey is to establish benchmark figures against which accomplishment of the planned WASH intervention will be measured and also identify appropriate methods to use during the implementation of the planned interventions.
Specific focus will be on;
- Water Supply and management
- Sanitation Conditions
- Hygiene practices and Health
1.3The Baseline Survey process.
The baseline was conducted in September-October 2017 in Kahda and Daynile districts. HA-Somalia recruited and trained enumerators to collect data with the guidance of the HA Programme staff Accordingly, HA designed survey questionnaire in consultation with the Somalia WASH clusterboth at the National and zonal level.
1.4Organization of the report.
The first section of the report outlines the introduction with the major emphasis on the background of the project and objectives of the baseline survey. While the methodology pursued during the survey is described in section two, discussion on major findings are summarized under section three. Section four outlines the conclusion and recommendations/the way forward. Survey tool used is attached as an annex.
- METHODOLOGY
- Survey Design.
The study employed cross-sectional study design. With the purpose of reaping the benefits of exploring range of information and generating data that can be complemented and/or triangulated quantitative data collection method which incorporated qualitative sections in the tool was employed.
A household survey was conducted in 100 IDPs households, 50 HH in Daynile and 50 HH in Kahda. The Daynile & Kahda IDP camp leaders, district commissioners and local authority were engaged in order to have a smooth working environment in the camps. 100 households were randomly selected using a common randomized household walk methodology where 50HH were from Daynile and 50 HH from Kahda.
Before beginning data collection, the assessment TeamManager conducted a two day training to the enumerators on the tools, methodology and data collection plan.
2.2Desk review
With the prime objective of shedding more light on the baseline survey in general and identifying/defining key indicators/parameters set in the proposed interventions, desk review was amongst the methods employed in the survey. It involved critical and contextual review of the Somalia WASH cluster guidelines.
2.3Study Team.
A total of 5 enumerators were recruited to carry out the data collection exercise with the assistance of the HA programme team. They underwent a two day training on the survey methodology, sampling procedures and interviews techniques.
2.4Data Collection Tool.
With the consultation of the WASH cluster, HA developed a harmonized tool. It contained close ended and open ended questions and was shared with the cluster for extensive review and approval.
2.5Selection of Respondents.
A probability sample selection method was used, in which the sample was obtained by selecting every kth element of the population where k is an integer greater than 1. The first number of the sample was selected randomly.
2.6Data collection andOrganization.
The data collection was done inSeptember-October 2017. The collected household raw data was coded, entered into excel data entry template and cleaned. The unit of analyses was done at household level. A household is/was defined as physical entity in which people are sharing income, shelter and meals.
2.7Data Analysis and Reporting.
Quantitative data analysis was conducted using the most frequently used statistical software SPSS. The quantitative data was cross-tabulated and presented in tables, graphs and figures disaggregated by type of age, sex and comparisons per households. The quantitative data was also triangulated with findings of the observations done during the field exercise visit. Draft report was then subjected to critical review by HA-Somalia assessment team together with HA-UK office.
2.8Ethical Consideration.
Before going into the details of the field assignment, the data collection team deployed to the field introduced themselves, explained the purpose of the baseline survey and obtained the willingness of respondents. In every engagement/meeting with participants, respect was given to local cultures and norms, meeting places were selected as per participants consent, and every participant was kindly requested to provide his/her genuine opinions/ideas. Finally, when respondents finished their points, the data collection teams extended their gratitude to respondents for their time and effort in providing data for the baseline survey
3.0FINDINGS
3.1Sampled area/district/village.
50% of the population interviewed were from Kahda district, 50% from Daynile district. The distribution of the villages sampled is as shown in the table below.
DISTRICT / Frequency / Percent / VILLAGE / Frequency / PercentDaynile / 50 / 50 / Tredisha / 1 / 1.0
Kahda / 50 / 50.0 / xamary Ibrah / 1 / 1.0
Total / 100 / 100.0 / Keray / 2 / 2.0
Al-naim / 10 / 10.0
Masro wayro / 11 / 11.0
Sharlawe / 12 / 12.0
Missing / 13 / 13.0
Hukun / 14 / 14.0
Garasbaley / 35 / 35.0
Albiri / 1 / 1.0
Total / 100 / 100.0
3.2Socio-Demographic Information.
According to the analysis done of the people interviewed, the average number of people in one household is/was 6.
60% of those interviewed were household headed by women while 40% were headed by men. On the relationship with the house hold head, 71% were self owners of the household interviewed, 26% were wives to the household head and 1% were daughter(s) to the head of the household wile only 2% who did not disclose their relationship with the head of the household.
This shows that there was a gender consideration during the assessment.
Gender of HH head / Frequency / Percent / R/ship with HH head / Frequency / PercentValid / Male / 40 / 40.0 / Daughter / 1 / 1.0
Female / 60 / 60.0 / Wife / 26 / 26.0
Total / 100 / 100.0 / Self / 71 / 71
Missing / 2 / 2
Total / 100 / 100.0
Among the households interviewed, 28% of them had one girl child under the age of 5 years, 20% had two girls, 13% of the HH had seven girls, and 7% had three girls while 1% had four girls in that age bracket. For boys under 5 years, 23% had one boy child, 21% had 2 boy child, 13% had seven children who were boys, 11% had three boys and 2% had four boys. However, 31% indicated they didn’t have girls under this age bracket while 30% indicated they didn’t have boys in this age bracket. Below is a graphical representation.
The distribution of girls and boys between the age of 6 to 14 years in the households assessed is as shown in the below table.
For girls: 31% of the household had 2 girls, 20% had 1 girl in the household, and 12% had 3 girls while 6 % had 7 girls, 2% had 4 girls whereas those households with 8, 4, 6 and 5 girls were represented by 1% each. 26% however did not have girls under this age bracket.
For boys: 24% of the HH had 2 boys, 20% had 1 boy, 8% had 3 boys, and 7% had 7 boys while another 7% had 4 boys. 34% of the household however didn’t have any boys in this age bracket.
Girls 6-14 yrs / Frequency / Percent / Boys 6-14 yrs / Frequency / PercentValid / 5 / 1 / 1 / Valid / 4 / 7 / 7
6 / 1 / 1 / 7 / 7 / 7
8 / 1 / 1 / 3 / 8 / 8
4 / 2 / 2 / 1 / 20 / 20
7 / 6 / 6 / 2 / 24 / 24
3 / 12 / 12 / Total / 66 / 66
1 / 20 / 20 / Missing / 34 / 34
2 / 31 / 31 / Total / 100 / 100
Total / 74 / 74
Missing / 26 / 26
Total / 100 / 100
For the age bracket of 15 years to 50 years:
Men; 38% of the HH had 1 man in this age bracket, 11% had 7 men, 4% had 3 men, another 4% had 2 men, 2% had 4 men while 1% had five men in their HH. 40% however did not have men in this age bracket.
Women; 45% of the HH had 1 woman in this age bracket, 17% had 7 women, 8% had 2 women, 5% had 4 women, 2% had 3 women while 1% had 6 women. 22% of the HH recorded to have no women in this age bracket.
Men 15-50 yrs / Frequency / Percent / Women 15-50 yrs / Frequency / PercentValid / 5 / 1 / 1 / Valid / 6 / 1 / 1
4 / 2 / 2 / 3 / 2 / 2
2 / 4 / 4 / 4 / 5 / 5
3 / 4 / 4 / 2 / 8 / 8
7 / 11 / 11 / 7 / 17 / 17
1 / 38 / 38 / 1 / 45 / 45
Total / 60 / 60 / Total / 78 / 78
Missing / System / 22 / 22
Missing / System / 40 / 40 / Total / 100 / 100
Total / 100 / 100
For the age bracket of 50 years and above:
9% of the HH had 1 man, 7% had 7 men, and 2% had 4 men while 1% had 2 men. For women, 15% had 1 woman, 8% had 7 women and 1% had 4 women in this age bracket.
Below is table illustration.
Men> 50 yrs / Frequency / Percent / .Women > 50 yrs / Frequency / PercentValid / 2 / 1 / 1.0 / Valid / 4 / 1 / 1.0
4 / 2 / 2.0 / 7 / 8 / 8.0
7 / 7 / 7.0 / 1 / 15 / 15.0
1 / 9 / 9.0 / Total / 24 / 24.0
Total / 19 / 19.0 / Missing / System / 76 / 76.0
Missing / 81 / 81.0 / Total / 100 / 100.0
Total / 100 / 100.0
3.3Water Source for the household.
Majority (82%) of the people interviewed indicated that they get their water from piped water system, 15% get it from vendors, those who get water from hand dug well with pump and from untreated spring were 1% and another 1% respectively.
Whether satisfied with their current water source, majority indicated (65%) that they are satisfied with it while 33% of them they are not. 2% however were not sure if they are satisfied or not.
3.4Water Supply and Management
Water Treatment.
On whether the consumed water in a household is treated to eliminate any contamination, 79% of them indicated that they don’t treat the water they consume, 7% informed that they are not sure if the water consumed in their HH is treated or not while only 14% of them who treats the water.
For those(14%) who indicated that they treat the water, they gave the following as the methods that they use. 73% of them treat the water through chlorination, 20% of them through boiling while 7% use both methods of boiling and chlorination.
As to why the 79% of the interviewed don’t treat water consumed in their HH, the following are the reasons given.
55% of them pointed out that treating water is costly, 23% informed that they think the water they fetch and consume is clean, 1% argued that treating water takes a lot of time while 4% highlighted that they don’t know of any method to treat water.
This shows that there is a gap and need on sensitization and awareness on benefits of treating water and the danger of consuming untreated water especially the piped one as well as on the various easily available and methods such as boiling. Below is a graphical representation of this data.
Amount of Water used in a household.
Depending on availability, accessibility and number of people in a particular household among other reasons/factors, different households uses different amount of water for a particular day. Majority of those interviewed at 43% indicated that they use 6 litres of water in a day, 28% said they use 5 litres and 11% uses 4 litres while 16% indicated that they use 3 litres. 2% were not sure of the amount of water used in their household per day.
Regarding the time taken to and fro when fetching water to be used in the household, 49% takes less than 30 minutes, 32% takes between 30 minutes and 1 hour, 12% takes between 1 hour and 2 hours and 3% takes about 3 hours while only 1% who takes more than 3 hours to fetch water. 3% of them however were un-sure of the time they take when they go to fetch the water.
Litres used / Frequency / Percent / How long it takes to fetch water / Frequency / Percent3 / 16 / 16.0 / More than 3 hours / 1 / 1.0
4 / 11 / 11.0 / 3 hours / 3 / 3.0
5 / 28 / 28.0 / 1 -2 hours / 12 / 12.0
6 / 43 / 43.0 / 30 minutes to 1 hour / 32 / 32.0
Total / 98 / 98.0 / Less than 30 minutes / 49 / 49.0
Not sure / 2 / 2.0 / Total / 97 / 97.0
100 / 100.0 / Snot sure / 3 / 3.0
100.0 / 100.0
Responsibilities of fetching water for the household and water point managers.