Vocabulary Words NOT Found in Textbook - Chapter 2
1.Cairo Conference: United nations held an International Conference on Population in 1994 in Cairo, Egypt. It's resulting Program of Action is the steering document for the United Nations.
a. Universal education: by 2014 - access for women in education. b. Reduction of infant and childmortality: countries should strive to reduce infant and under 5 child mortality rates by 1/3 or to 50-70 death per 1000 by the year of 2000. By 2015 all countries should aim to achieve a rate below 35 per 1,000 live births and under 5 mortality rate or below 45 per 1,000. c. Reduction ofmaternal mortality: 1/2 of 1990 figures by 2015. d. Access to reproductive and sexual health services including family planning.
2.carrying capacity: is the largest # of people that the environment of a particular area/country can support.
3.Cornucopians: People that believe our supply of resources is basically infinite. They argue that we could exploit outer space, or use resources that we can't even imagine now. This optimistic perspective is often referred to as "cornucopians," in reference to cornucopia or the horn of plenty, a symbol of abundance dating from the ancient Greeks. Contrasting this would be the Neo-Malthusians who argue that limits are imposed by the environment. Populations can grow faster than food production which could result in starvation if human growth is not limited.
4. Gravity Model: Interaction is proportional to the multiplication of 2 populations divided by the distance between them (distance decay).
5.Neo-Malthusians: Argue against Cornucopians. They believe the ideas of Thomas Malthus. Population can grow faster than food production which could result in starvation if human growth is not limited.
6.Child mortality rate: annual # of deaths of children under the age of 5, compared with total live births.
7.S-Curve: traces the cyclical movement upwards and downwards on a graph of population. So names for its shape as the letter "s".
8.J-Curve: This is when the projection populations shows exponential growth; sometimes shaped like a "j". This is important because if the population grows exponential, our resources will go up exponential and so will our use as well as greater demand for food. Exponentially means an increase by great degrees or amounts.
9.Thomas Malthus: An Englishman who wrote an essay in the 1800s regarding population. He brought up the point that we may be outrunning our supplies because of our exponentially growing population. Food production is linear; human reproduction is geometric despite natural checks like famine, disease, and war. Overpopulation is a danger and food supplies will run out.
10.Ester Boserup: A woman scientist/geographer who believes that human growth stimulates the birth of people who come up with a strategy/ingenuity that will ensure that food supplies do not run out. We will read more about her and her agricultural theory in Chp. 10. She is the opposite of Malthus.
11.Natalist: pro and con: a pro-Natalist encourages child-bearing. A con-Natalist believes that there needs to be limits placed on the # of children per couple.
12.Population agglomerations:cities that are 1 million or over in population: 1. Tokyo 2. Guangzhou (Canton, China), 3. Shanghai, China 4. Jakarta, Indonesia, 5. Seoul, Korea 6. Mexico City 7. Delhi, India 8. Karachi, Pakistan 9. Manila, Philippines 10. New York