VOCABULARY Reviewdefine the Following Terms

Name______Class______Date______

SECTION 2-1 REVIEW

COMPOSITION OF MATTER

VOCABULARY REVIEWDefine the following terms.

1.atom______

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2.neutron______

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3.compound______

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4.covalent bond______

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5.ion______

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MULTIPLE CHOICEWrite the correct letter in the blank.

_____1.The atomic number of carbon is 6. Therefore, the number of protons in a carbon atom equals

a.3.b.6.c.7.d.12.

_____2.One of the kinds of particles found in the nucleus of an atom is the

a.proton.b.electron.c.ion.d.boron.

_____3.The maximum number of electrons that can be held in the orbitals in an atom’s second energy level is

a.2.b.4.c.6.d.8.

_____4.Of the following elements, the one that is most likely to form ionic bonds is

a.hydrogen.b.carbon.c.sodium.d.oxygen.

_____5.An example of a compound is

a.water.b.hydrogen gas.c.oxygen gas.d.chloride ion.

SHORT ANSWERAnswer the questions in the space provided.

1.What is the difference between mass and weight?______

______

2.Identify the elements and the number of atoms of each element in each of the following compounds:

______KCl

______

3.How many pairs of electrons do the two oxygen atoms in an oxygen molecule share with each other? Explain your answer.

______

4.Critical Thinking The atomic number of argon is 18.Will argon tend to form bonds with other elements? Explain your answer.

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STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONSUse the figure to answer the following questions.

The diagram below shows bonding of a hydrogen atom with a chlorine atom. The atomic number of hydrogen is 1. The atomic number of chlorine is 17. The orbitals corresponding to the third energy level can hold up to 8 electrons.

1.What kind of bond is formed between hydrogen and chlorine atoms?

______

2.Describe the formation of this bond and the total number of electrons in the orbitals of each energy level.

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Modern Biology1Composition of Matter

Name______Class______Date______

SECTION 2-2 REVIEW

ENERGY

VOCABULARY REVIEWDistinguish between the terms in each of the following pairs of terms.

1.reactant, product______

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2.catalyst, enzyme______

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3.oxidation reaction, reduction reaction______

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MULTIPLE CHOICEWrite the correct letter in the blank.

_____1.The state of matter in which particles move most rapidly is

a.liquid.b.gas.c.solid.d.heat.

_____2.Every chemical reaction involves a

change in the state of the matter c.transfer of energy.

in the reactants.

b.net release of energy. d. transfer of electrons between atoms.

_____3.Enzymes

a.increase the amount of energy c.catalyze only redox reactions. released in a reaction.

b.decrease the amount of energy d.reduce the activation

released in a reaction. energy needed for a reaction.

_____4.In chemical reactions, the number of each kind of atom in the reactants is

a.the same as in the products. c.more than in the products.

b.less than in the d. b or c, depending on the kind of products. chemical reaction.

_____5.Redox reactions

a.involve either reduction or c.do not occur in living things.

oxidation, but not both.

b.involve the transfer of electrons d.always involve oxygen.

between atoms.

SHORT ANSWERAnswer the questions in the space provided.

1.In the chemical reaction shown below, write R over the reactants and P over the products:

2.What role do catalysts play in chemical reactions?______

______

3.What does a two-direction arrow indicate in a chemical equation?______

______

4.In the chemical reaction shown below, write R over the substance that is reduced and O over the substance that is oxidized:

5.Critical Thinking Sucrose, or table sugar, can react with water to form two other compounds, glucose and fructose. However, when you add sugar to a glass of water, this reaction proceeds extremely slowly. Why does it proceed slowly, and what else is needed to speed up the reaction?

______

STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONSUse the figure to answer the following questions.

The graph below represents the energy changes that occur as a chemical reaction progresses.

1.What is represented by arrow A? ______

2.What is represented by arrow B? ______

3.Is energy absorbed or released in this reaction? Explain your answer.______

______

Modern Biology1Energy

Name______Class______Date______

SECTION 2-3 REVIEW

WATER AND SOLUTIONS

VOCABULARY REVIEWDefine the following terms.

1.solvent ______

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2.aqueous solution ______

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3.hydroxide ion ______

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4.base ______

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5.buffer ______

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MULTIPLE CHOICEWrite the correct letter in the blank.

_____1.The concentration of a solution is the measurement of the amount of

a.acid dissolved in a fixed c.solute dissolved in a fixed amount of base. amount of the solution.

b.solvent dissolved in a fixed d.solvent dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution. amount of the solute.

_____2.When water dissociates, it forms

a.H+ ions and H2O. c. H+ ions and H3O+ ions.

b.H+ ions and OH ions. d. OH+ ions and H3O ions.

_____3.An acid is a solution with more

a.hydronium ions than c. sodium ions than hydroxide hydroxide ions. ions.

b.hydroxide ions than d. hydroxide ions than sodium hydronium ions. ions.

_____4.An example of a base is

a.pure water.b.vinegar.c.ammonia.d.urine.

_____5.A solution with a pH above 7 is

a.logarithmic.b.neutral.c.acidic.d.alkaline.

SHORT ANSWERAnswer the questions in the space provided.

1.What property of water allows it to stick to the sides of a vertical glass tube?

______

2.What states of matter can solutions be composed of?______

3.How much sugar is there in 100 mL of a 10 percent aqueous sugar solution? ______

What is the solvent in this solution?______

4.What are the relative numbers of and ions in an acidic, an alkaline, and a neutral solution?

______

5.How many times more hydroxide ions are there in a solution with a pH of 9 than in a solution with a pH of 3?

6.How are buffers important to the functioning of living systems?______

______

7.Critical Thinking If a solution has a pH of 7.5, what would its new pH be if the concentration of ions in the solution were increased by 100 times? Explain your reasoning.

______

STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONSThe diagram below represents a single water molecule. Draw three other water molecules near it, and use dashed lines to indicate where hydrogen bonds would form between the molecule shown below and the ones you drew.

Modern Biology1Water and Solutions