Vocabulary Chapters 27 & 28
•Pacifism
•Militarism
•Entente
•Ultimatum
•Mobilize
•Neutrality
•Stalemate
•No man’s land
•Zeppelin
•U-boat
•Convoy
•Total war
•Conscription
•Propaganda
•Atrocity
•Self-determination
•Armistice
•Pandemic
•Reparations
•Collective security
•Mandate
•Soviet
•Command economy
•Totalitarian state
•Communist party pg.713
World War I
Setting the Stage
•*Aggressive Nationalism
–German, new ______and military might
–French, wants to be European leader again
•Upset over lose in Franco-______war
–______, Pan-Slavism
•Supports ______
•*Economic Rivalries
–Britain ______by Germany’s industrial production
–Germany upset, feels that they “get no ______”
Setting the Stage
•*Imperialism
–Germany and France fight over ______, almost went to war
–______in France drawing closer to Britain
•*Militarism “the glorification of the military”
–Social ______
–Romantic
*______RaceIn all areasEspecially fierce between ______and Britain (naval)
It was Admiral, the First Sea Lord, was the driving-force behind the development of the Dreadnought that was built at Portsmouth Dockyar between October 1905 and December 1906. The Dreadnought was the most heavily-armed ship in history. She had ten 12-inch guns (305 mm), whereas the previous record was four 12-inch guns. The gun turrets were situated higher than user and so facilitated more accurate long-distance fire. In addition to her 12-inch guns, the Dreadnought also had twenty-four 3-inch guns (76 mm) and five torpedo tubes below water. In the waterline section of her hull, the Dreadnought was armoured by plates 28 cm thick. The Dreadnought was the first major warship driven solely by steam turbines, making her faster than any other warship. A total of 526 feet long (160.1 metres) the Dreadnought had a crew of over 800 men. By 1914 the British Navy had nineteen Dreadnoughts (thirteen under construction), compared with Germany's thirteen (seven under construction). Other fleets with Dreadnoughts at sea by 1914 were: United States (8), France (8), Japan (4), Austria-Hungary (2) and Italy (1).
*AlliancesFear and distrust of each other caused countries form treaties for ______protection.
*Central Powers
•______Germany Austria/Hungry and Russia
•1 year later ______joins
•Kaiser William dropped Russia
•______weak and later formed a secret bargain with Britain
•1914 ______Empire joined.
*The Spark
•June 28th 1914 Austrian heir Francis ______went to Sarajevo
•Princip and 6 others plan to kill him, members of “Unity or Death” know as “*______”
•Austria delivers an “Ultimatum” to Serbia
•July 28th 1914 ______declares war on Serbia.
The Fuse Is Lit
•Germany ______Austria
•Serbia is mostly Slavs
–Asked Russia “the champion of ______nations” for help
•______II telegraphed Kaiser William II
–Wanted Austria to soften it’s stand toward Serbia
–William said ______!!!
The Boom
•Russia began to “mobilize” it’s ______forces
•______responded by declaring war on Russia.
•Russia asks for help from ______.
•Germany tells France to stay ______.
•France says NO!!!
•Germany declares ______on France.
Summary
Write a minimum of four sentences that summarize your notes to this point.
*Schlieffen Plan
•Russia ______to mobilize
•Attack ______through Belgium and get to Paris before the Russian’s could mobilize.
•Britain and ______and Italy were neutral up to this point.
*The Fizzle
•Germany attacks France through Belgium.
–Britain and Belgium have an ______.
–Britain ______the war
•Russia mobilizes ______than Germany thought
–Germany moves troops to ______front.
–______the Western front.
–British troops shore up ______lines.
–The assault stalls and both sides dig in for the winter.
•Four years later they are still in the trenches.
Trench Warfare
Map of the Trenches
Photos from the Trenches
Gas Warfare
- Lacrimators: (______irritants and "tear gases")
- Sternutators: (nasal irritants, "______gases," "vomiting gases“ )
- Lung irritants: (suffocants, respiratory irritants)
- Vesicants (______irritants, escharotics)
New Weapons
Daily Rations
British
•20 oz. Fresh or ______meat, or 16 oz. preserved or salt meat
•20 oz. ______, or 16 oz. biscuit or flour
•4 oz. Bacon, 3 oz. Cheese, 5/8 oz. Tea, 4 oz. Jam, 3oz. Sugar, 1/2 oz. Salt, 1/36 oz. Pepper, 1/20 oz. mustard
•8 oz. fresh or 2 oz. dried vegetables, 1/10 gal. lime juice (for scurvy)
•1/2 gal rum (at discretion of commanding general)
•20 oz. tobacco per ______
German
•26 1/2 oz. bread or 17 1/2 oz. field biscuit, or 14 oz. egg biscuit
•____ oz. fresh or frozen meat, or 7 oz. preserved meat
•53 oz. potatoes, or 4 1/2 oz. Vegetables
•9/10 oz. ______, or 1/10 oz. Tea
•7/10 oz. Sugar, 9/10 oz. salt
•2 cigars and 2 ______, or 1 oz. pipe tobacco, or 9/10 oz. plug tobacco, or 1/5 oz. Snuff
•.17 pint spirits or .44 pint wine or .88 pint beer
Stalemate =*Total War
•Economic effects:
–Raised ______, borrowed money, rationed food and other products, set prices and forbid strikes
•______
–Controlling public opinion
•Women
–“Home Front” took over the ______vacated by the men on the front.
Propaganda Posters from the United States
After 3 years, Morale Begins Collapsing….*Why?
•By 1917 troops are still in the same ______as in 1914.
• The warring ______are on the verge of bankruptcy.
• Troops mutinied
• ______is scarce
• The generals have ______to achieve the promised victories.
Summary
Write a minimum of four sentences that summarize your notes to this point.
Revolution in Russia
•______Russia signs the Treaty of Brest-Lovsk
•*Germany could concentrate on the ______Front.
•1st______overthrew the Czar, on February 23 to 27, 1917
• 2nd revolution called the Bolshevik, or October, ______.
*United States enters the war
•Cultural ties
•Unrestricted ______attacks, costs US lives.
•______note
•On 7th May 1915 the ______ is hit by U-20
•8 minutes later 1201 people sink with her
The Zimmerman Note
"On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare ______. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America.
If this attempt is not successful, we propose an ______on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to ______the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement.
You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan.
Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless ______warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months.
Zimmerman" (Sent January 19, 1917)
April 1917 The United States Declares War
• “To make the world safe for ______”
• “The war to end all ______”
• Early in ______
• 2,000,000 US troops shore up British and French lines.
•In 1917 Wilson proclaimed American ______into World War I, “a crusade to make the world safe for democracy."
Summary
Write a minimum of four sentences that summarize your notes to this point.
“Over There”
War Ends 1918
•MarchGermany ______
•July Allies counter attack driving ______back across Belgium
•September German generals tell the Kaiser that the war cannot be ______.
•October Germanpeople revolt and form a new ______.
•October The people of Austria-Hungary ______, collapsing the empire.
•Armistice signed 11/11/18
*Paris Peace Conference
•U.S. Wanted self determination, ______of Nations
•Britain, the people wanted ______treatment for Germany
•French, wanted to weaken Germany so that it could not ______France again.
•Italy upset
*The Treaty of Versailles June 1919
•Reduce army to ______
•Reduce navy to 6 warships and no subs.
•Destroy all of its______force.
•Give ______to Belgium, France, Denmark and Poland
•Hand over all its colonies.
•Pay ______amounting to 6,600,000,000 Pounds.
•Put no soldiers within 30 miles of the ______bank of the Rhine River.
•Accept all the ______for the war.
Other countries were formed
•Serbia and Bosnia became ______.
• Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, ______and Finland were formed from land lost by Russia.
•Czechoslovakia and Hungary were formed out of the ______-Hungarian Empire.
*Effects of WWI
•Governmental ______
–Socialistic ideas spread
–Revolution was in the air
•A harsh Peace
–Humiliating treaty created feeling of ______
•______Change
–Devastated Europe financially and physically
–______knew no bounds
–Boosted U.S. (The Roaring 20’s)
•Psychologically
–Distrust of ______leaders
–The war killed 10 to ____ million people, 1/3 civilians
–Grim acceptance of reality replaced the optimistic dreams of the past
Summary
Write a minimum of four sentences that summarize your notes to this point.
Two Revolutions in Russia
•1st revolution overthrew the Czar, on February 23 to 27, 1917
–Brought on by ______shortages, battlefield losses and social problems
• 2nd revolution called the Bolshevik, or October, Revolution.
–______Socialist group headed by V.I. Lenin
–True believer in Marx
–Set up a ______of the proletariat
After the Bolshevik Revolution
Civil war raged in Russia for three years
•Between the Communist ______Army and the Whites, loyal to the czar
•*______unleashed a reign of terror
–The Czar and family were shot
–Secret ______formed (Cheka)
–War Communism = took over everything
–Red Army became an effective ______
From Lenin to Stalin
•Joseph Stalin set out to make the ______Union into a modern industrial state, bringing all economic and agricultural activity under ______control.
•In 1934 Stalin launched a reign of terror (Great ______), at least 4 million people were purged and almost 800,000 were executed.
Life in a Totalitarian State
•*Stalin established a ______state
–Used ______police
–Propaganda
–______
–Terror
•*Powerful new ______
–Communist party members
–Industrial managers
–______leaders
–______
–Some artists and writers
Summary
Write a minimum of four sentences that summarize your notes to this point.