Viruses and Bacteria

Name______Textbook Pages:______assign#______

Virus Notes:

A virus is a______particle with a simple structure. Composed of a ______(DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein ______.
Virus Structure:

Capsid- The capsid is the protein shell that encloses the nucleic acid; Three functions:

1) it ______the nucleic acid from digestion by enzymes,

2) contains special ______on its ______that allow the virus to attach to a host cell, and

3) Allow virus nucleic acid ______the host cell’s membrane and, in

some cases, to ______the infectious

nucleic acid into the cell's cytoplasm.

Envelope- Surrounds the capsid. Composed of two ______layers interspersed with protein molecules.

5. Viral Nucleic Acid

The nucleic acid of each virus encodes the genetic information for the synthesis of all ______.

Only a few groups of viruses use ______.

Most viruses maintain all their genetic information with the single-stranded ______.

6. Viruses that have RNA as their genetic material ______

more often.

6 ½ Retrovirus: ______

EX: ______

8.Viral “Life”

Cycles

16.Prions:

Prion-is a type of infectious agent made only of ______. EX: ______

17.Viroids:

Viroids-small naked single-stranded ______that infect ______cells and cause disease.

Bacteria Notes

3. Shapes:What are the three shapes of bacteria? ______, ______, ______

Bacteria Structure

4. Label and give a short description: ______

______

5. Gram staining is a ______scientist use to

determine ______type in bacteria.

6. ______help bacteria stick to ______.

7. Movement:Bacteria use a whip-like ______to move.

Some bacteria don’t move, this is called ______.

8. Nutrition:

9. Breaking down food to release energy (heterotrophs):

How do bacteria take in food? / How do bacteria eliminate waste?

10.

12. During Binary fission, the ______of chromosomes is followed by the bacterial ______into two cells.

14.Some bacteria can form ______that allow them to wait out ______environmental conditions. The spores may remain ______for years until conditions become favorable. In favorable conditions, the spore splits ______and the bacteria rapidly reproduce.

16.

18.Bacteria can harm their host in two ways:

Treatments:Before: ______After: ______

19. Who discovered the antibiotic Penicillin? ______

20. Antibiotics usually ______cell ______growth or ______synthesis.

Sterilization: ______

COMPLETE THE CHART FOR BACTERIA BELOW ON YOUR OWN AS A REVIEW:

Mode of Nutrition
(How do they obtain energy?)
Are they Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
Cell walls? Yes or no?
Are they Uni- or Multicellular?
Habitats?
How can they be helpful to Humans (3 examples)
How can they be harmful (2)?
Methods of energy release (3examples).

Prokaryote Coloring (you have to use certain colors, so read :)
Prokaryotes cells are the simplest of all the cells. Bacteria are prokaryotes and they fall into two major categories: The Kingdom Eubacteria and the Kingdom Archaebacteria. Eubacteria are common types that occur all around us, usually in they are, on surfaces and in the soil. You can only find Archaebacteria in extreme environments, like hot sulfur springs. Archaebacteria are thought to be some of the oldest life forms on earth. Most bacteria don't make their own food. That means they have to rely on other organisms to provide them with food. These bacteria have to break down, or decompose, other living things to obtain energy.

When most people hear the word bacteria, they think of something that is bad for you. In fact, very few bacteria cause illness. Some bacteria actually help you! Bacteria are used to make food, such as cheese and yogurt, and they can also help us break down harmful substances in the environment. Scientists created a type of bacteria that could gobble up oil from oil spills. Some bacteria live inside the guts of animals and help them to digest food.

Unfortunately, there are many types of bacteria that can make us ill. Salmonella bacteria can cause food poisoning, and certain types of bacteria are responsible for other infections. You might have had some experience with Streptococcus, the bacteria that causes strep throat.

Bacteria have a very simple cell design. Most of them have a thick outer covering called the cell wall. On the picture, color the cell wall purple (it’s the outermost layer). Just within the cell wall is the cell membrane. Color the cell membrane pink. Along the surface of the bacteria cell, you might encounter structures called pilus, whose job is to help the bacteria stick to surfaces. Color all the pilus light green. Bacteria might also need to move around in their environment, so they can have structures called flagella, which resemble tails. Find the two flagella pictured and color them dark green. The watery interior of the cell is called cytoplasm, and it has the texture of jello. Color the cytoplasm light blue. Sprinkled throughout the cell are small roundish structures called ribosomes. Ribosomes make proteins for the cell. Color all of the ribosomes red. Every prokaryote cell has DNA floating within the cytoplasm, which usually looks like a twisted strand of spaghetti. DNA contains the instructions for the cell, basically it is the control center. Find the DNA and color it yellow.

Questions:

1. What bacteria causes strep throat? ______
2. What are the oldest life forms on earth? ______
3. Name two types of bacteria that can make you sick:
______
4. What part of the bacteria cell helps it stick to surfaces?
______
5. Name two foods that bacteria help make:
______
6. What does “decompose” mean?
______
7. What is the control center of the bacteria cell?
______
8. What part of the bacteria cell helps it move?
______
9. Where do Archaebacteria live?
______
10. To what kingdoms do bacteria belong? ______

Body Story: Flu Video

WATCH THE VIDEO AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS.

1. How did the virus get into Holly?

2. How did the virus enter Holly’s cell?

3. What did the virus do once inside of Holly’s cell?

4. How did Holly’s body react to the invasion?

5. What were the symptoms of the flu?

6. How did Holly’s body get rid of the flu?

7. Will she get this same strain of flu again? Why or why not?

Virus and Bacteria Review

1- How are viruses different from other living organisms?

2- Sketch, label 2 partsand describe the basic structure of a virus.

3- What are the 2 virus cycle called? ______, ______

Circle the one that causes the cell to burst immediately.

4- Complete the following for Bacteria:

List three ways bacteria obtain energy (nutrition):

List and explain three ways that bacteria release energy from their food:

How do bacteria take in food? How do bacteria eliminate waste?
What are some “roles” (niches) that bacteria play in the ecosystem? (GOOD and BAD things they do)

List three human diseases caused by bacteria:

F. What is binary fission? ______Is it sexual or asexual? ______

G. What is conjugation? ______Is it sexual or asexual? ______

What type of genetic material do viruses contain? ______or ______
From question #5, which one mutates more often? Why? ______BECAUSE ______
Why is HIV called a retrovirus? ______Example: ______
Should you take antibiotics for a viral infection? ______(If you get this wrong, you automatically fail the test, so you better look it up  )
What does it mean to say that “bacteria are prokaryotic”? ______
What does it mean to say that “bacteria are decomposers”? ______

List three human diseases caused by viruses: ______,______,______
What are 2 ways that bacteria harm you? ______OR ______
Who discovered penicillin? ______
What is gram staining? ______
What is a vaccine? How does it help you? ______
Why do you put your food in a refrigerator? ______
Labelthe following:

Bacterial Cell:Virus Particle:

Georgia Bio Standards: SB4. Students will assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. a. Investigate the relationships among organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biomes. b. Explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems SB3. Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, etc.). d. Compare and contrast viruses with living organisms.

Virus Vocabulary

Lysogenic infection
Lytic infection
Pathogen
Viroid
Prion
Immunity
Vaccine
Capsid
Host Cell
Viral Envelope

Bacteria Vocabulary

Antibiotic
Sterilization
Pili
Binary Fission
Conjugation
Endospore
Obligate anaerobe
Obligate aerobe
Facultative anaerobe
Eubacteria

Virus and Bacteria Web Lesson

Introduction to Viruses

Watch the video clip and answer the following questions.

Viruses are ______and simple.
Viruses are ______to the human eye.
Once inside a host cell, what does a virus do?
Viruses are ______selective. Give 2 examples______, ______
A viruses success over time depends of it’s ability to ______.
DNA viruses change ______, if at all.
RNA viruses change ______. Give an example.

How Viruses Work

What does the core of the AIDS virus contain?
What does a virus use a cell for?
Do only human get viruses?

HIV Life Cycle(click “Narrated”)

What types of cells do this virus attack and kill?
How does the virus get in?
What type of nucleic acid does HIV have?
Besides the nucleic acid, what else is inside the viral capsid?

What does the enzyme reverse transcriptase do?
Does it make mistakes?
What does intergrase do?
How do the new viral particles get out of the cell?

Human Atlas: Influenza

How does the flu virus get into your cells?
What are some symptoms of the flu?
What cells in your immune system produce antibodies against the virus?
What does a vaccine contain?
Why do you have to get a new flu shot every year?

Prokaryotes: An Overview

What are the 3 shapes of bacteria?
What are two differences between eukaryotes & prokaryotes?

What are 4 ways prokaryotes obtain nutrition?

What is an aerobe?

What is an obligate anaerobe?
What is a facultative anaerobe?
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
How do prokaryotes move?

Bacteria: Beneficial Bacteria Video

Bacteria that live in ocean and lakes form the bottom of the ______.

Many bacteria are ______, breaking down dead materials.

How are some bacteria in the soil helpful?

How are bacteria found in your intestines helpful?

What are some foods made by bacteria?

How did they clean up the oil spill?

Bacteria Cell Game: