Biochemistry and Enzymes

Objectives / Quiz / Test / Retest
Bio.1.2.1 - Explain how homeostasis is maintained in a cell and within an organism in various environments (including temperature and pH).
Bio.4.1.1 - Compare the structures and functions of the major biological molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) as related to the survival of living organisms.
Bio.4.1.3 - Explain how enzymes act as catalysts for biological reactions.

Vocabulary:

Ph scale / Buffer / Inorganic / Organic
Carbohydrates / Lipids / Protein / Nucleic Acids
Monosaccharide / Glycerol/
Fatty Acid Chains / Amino Acids / Nucleotides
Glucose / Cellulose / Glycogen / Phospholipids
Hormones / Antibodies / Hemoglobin / Insulin
Polypeptide / Enzyme / Substrate / Active Site

Goal 1.2.1 – Basic Chemistry

A knowledge of chemistry is essential for understanding organisms.

Important to biology are:

  • ______Compounds = ______, ______, and ______
  • ______Compounds = ______, ______,

______, and ______

Elements

  • Substances that cannot be ______down into a ______substance
  • Each element has a chemical ______
  • 6 of the elements found in organisms are the following:

______(O), ______(C), ______(H), ______(N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S)

Inorganic Compounds

  • usually lack ______atoms (a few exceptions, ex: carbon monoxide and ______
  • usually smaller molecules
  • water (______) or gases ______(oxygen), ______(carbon dioxide), N2
  • 4 types: ______, salts, ______, bases

pH Scale

  • Determined using indicators that change color in the presence of acids or bases
  • pH ranges from ______to ______

Neutral ph is ______

Below pH 7 = ______

Above pH 7 = ______

Acid-Base Balance

  • It is very important for internal ______to keep acids/bases in balance in body fluids
  • Biochemical ______are very sensitive to ______

Blood ph – about ______Saliva ph - ______Stomach Acid ph - ______

4.1.1 - Introduction to Organic Compounds

  • ______: compounds that DO contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
  • ______ (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

Ex. Provide energy source for respiration (glucose)

  1. ______ (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

Ex. Insulate and protect organs in the body (fats)

  1. ______ (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus)

Ex. Allow traits to be passed from parent to child (DNA)

  1. ______ (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus)

Ex. Provide specifically shaped molecules that can carry other molecules (hemoglobin carries oxygen)

1.2.1 - Practice EOC Questions

1. A solution with a pH of 13 would be a-

A. weak acid B. strong acidC. weak base D. strong base

2. A solution with a pH of 2 would be a-

A. weak acid B. strong acid C. weak base D. strong base

3. A scientist performs an experiment to see if acids have an effect on the health of a particular type of plant. Three sets of plants were treated with acidic solutions of known pH while the control set was treated with a solution of neutral pH .Which is the best conclusion for this experiment?

A. High acidity is helpful to this type of plant.

B. Low acidity is harmful to this type of plant.

C. High acidity is harmful to this type of plant.

D. Acid has no effect on the health of this plant.

Compound / Inorganic/Organic
Sugar
(C12H22O11)
Water
(H2O)
Carbon Monoxide
(CO)
Amino Acid (NH2CH2COOH)
Calcium Sulfate
(CaSO4)

Yum! Cookie Dissection!

  1. Question to investigate: What organic compounds are found in a chocolate chip cookie? Organic compounds contain which element? ______
  1. Form your Hypothesis: ______
  1. Label the following structures:

______Function:______Function:______Function:______

  1. Here is the 4th organic compound: an amino acid. Chains of amino acids form proteins. They have a variety of functions in the body such as structure, bodily movement, or defense against germs. Proteins can be found in foods like eggs, meats, dairy, and nuts.
  1. Place cookie on a paper towel and remove chocolate chips with a toothpick.
  1. Ingredients of Chocolate Chips Organic Molecule

Sugar______Chocolate ______

Cocoa Butter______

Milk Fat______

  1. Cookie Dough Ingredients Organic Molecule

Wheat Flour______

Eggs______

Sugar______

Corn Syrup______

Soybean Oil______

Butter______

Milk______

  1. Remove the cookie from the paper towel. What do you notice on the paper towel?

______

What organic molecule left behind this residue? ______

  1. Nucleic acids are found in the ______of cells. Cells are the smallest unit of living things. Which ingredients were once living things and therefore containing nucleic acids? ______
  1. Conclusion: The following organic compounds are found within a cookie ______

Look at the nutritional label:

  1. Fat is another name for which organic compound? ______
  2. Cholesterol is which organic compound? ______
  3. Which organic compound is most abundant in the cookie? (Look at grams) ______
  1. Now enjoy your dissected cookie!

REVIEW: What happens to the Carbon (from the organic compounds) of your cookie after you eat it?

A. The carbon in your cookie will eventually be broken down in your body and released as CO2 out of your mouth. This release of CO2 is called ______.

B.Chocolate comes from the cocoa tree. Sugar comes from sugar cane plants. These trees and plants removed atmospheric CO2 and turned it into the chocolate and sugar of your cookie along with oxygen. This process is called ______.

4.1.1 - Organic Compound Notes

Organic Compounds contain C (______), H (______), and O (______)

4 Types of Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates
Elements Present: ______
Functions: ______
Examples: ______
Subunits: ______
Test for Starch: ______Results: ______
Test for Sugar: ______Results: ______
Carbohydrate that makes up plants = ______
1 Sugar = ______Many Sugars = ______/ Draw
Lipids
Elements Present: ______
Functions: ______Examples: ______
Subunits: ______
Test for Identification: ______/ Draw
Proteins
Elements Present: ______
Functions: ______
Examples: ______
Subunits: ______
Test for Identification: ______
Amino Acids are connected by ______bonds.
Polypeptide means ______.
*EOC Hint* Polypeptide is just a fancy name for protein.
Enzymes are proteins that act as ______. / Draw
Nucleic Acids
Elements Present: ______
Functions: ______
Examples: ______
Subunits: ______
DNA contains deoxyribose sugar and the 4 nitrogen bases ___, ___, ___, ___
RNA contains ribose sugar and the 4 nitrogen bases ____, ____, ____, ____ / Draw

Proteins Graphic Organizer

Protector / Messenger / Transporter / Supporter / Regulator
Helps immune system / Transmits signals / Surrounds Cell / Regulates chemical reactions
Insulin / Hemoglobin / Enzymes
Fight Disease / Carries oxygen to your blood and to your limbs / Can build and repair muscles/bones

4.1.1 – Organic Compound Practice EOC Questions

1. What type of organic molecules are enzymes?

A. lipids B. proteins C. nucleic acids D. carbohydrates

2. What are the subunits of DNA and their function?

A. proteins that provide the building blocks for the structural components of organisms

B. nucleotides that store genetic information

C. monosaccharides that provide quick energy for the cell

D. lipids that store energy and provide insulation

3. A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base form the building blocks of which organic compound?

A. lipid B. nucleic acid C. carbohydrate D. proteins

4. Both carbohydrates and lipids are composed of which organic molecules?

  1. Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen C. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous
  2. Carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen D. Oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

5. How does the structure of a nucleic acid differ from a protein?

A. nucleic acids make up nucleotides and proteins make up amino acids

B. nucleic acids contain amino acids, and proteins contain nucleotides

C. nucleic acids make up amino acids, and proteins make up nucleotides

D. nucleic acids contain nucleotides, and proteins contain amino acids

6. Why would a distance runner consume carbohydrates instead of proteins before a race?

A. Carbohydrates provide genetic material for muscle cells.

B. Carbohydrates provide energy for endurance.

C. Carbohydrates provide structure for tissues.

D. Carbohydrates provide insulation for heat.

7. A runner is competing in a 10 km track meet and just before completing the race, the runner is nearly out of breath and the energy needed to finish the race. Which cell structure is most affected by this lack of energy?

A. Nucleus B. ribosomes C. mitochondrion D. plasma membrane

8. Is the picture molecule organic or inorganic and HOW could you tell?

______

Goal 4.1.1 -Testing for the Presence of Organic Nutrients

You can determine whether sugar, starch, fat, or protein molecules are present in a substance by using certain chemicals. These chemicals react chemically and undergo a chemical change.

Indicators

Organic Molecule Being Tested / Results of Positive Test
Benedict’s Solution
Iodine
Biuret Reagent

Test for Simple Sugar:

  1. Using 2 test tubes, put approximately 5 drops of water in Tube 1 and a small amount of corn syrup in Tube 2. Add about 10 drops of Benedict’s solution to each.
  2. What color appears in each tube initially?______
  3. Heat the tubes by placing them in a boiling water bath for 3 minutes.
  4. A color change indicates the presence of a simple sugar. This is said to be a POSITIVE Test.

Initial Color / Color Change (Y/N) / If color change present, describe. / Simple Sugar Present (Y/N)
Tube 1 (Water)
Tube 2 (Corn Syrup)
  1. What was the purpose of Tube 1?______

Test for Starch

  1. In Tube 1, place 10 drops of water. Add 1 drop of iodine to it.
  2. Add crushed potato to Tube 2 and add 10 drops of water to it. Add 2 drops of iodine.
  3. Do the same for your next 2 trials

Initial Color / Color Change (Y/N) / If color change present, describe. / Starch Present (Y/N)
Tube 1 (Water)
Tube 2 (potato)

Test for Proteins

Using two marked test tubes, put 10 drops of water into tube one and 10 drops of each of the substances below to the other test tubes. Add up to 10 drops of Biuret reagent to each tube. If you observe a color change before 10 drops, discontinue adding drops.

Initial Color / Color Change (Y/N) / If color change present, describe. / Proteins Present (Y/N)
Tube 1 (Water)
Tube 2
(Egg mixture)

Test for Fats and oils

  1. Using a paper towel, crush 1 potato chip between the paper towel.
  2. On a separate part, add 2 drops of vegetable oil and smear it around.
  3. On a third part, add 2 drops of water and let it set.

Results / Fats/Oils Present (Y/N)
Chips
Vegetable Oil
Water

Clean the test tubes and then add Egbert’s stomach solution to 4 test tubes.

  1. To test Eggbert’s stomach contents for starch, place a drop of iodine solution in the test tube. Observe any color change. Note the color change in the data table.
  2. To test Eggbert’s stomach contents for sugar, add several drops of Benedict’s solution to the test tube and place the test tube in a hot water bath for several minutes. Observe any color change. Note the color change in the data table.
  3. To test Eggbert’s stomach contents for fats, place a drop of Eggbert’s stomach solution from the test tube and spread it on the brown paper. Observe any change that occurs on the paper. Note any change in the data table.
  4. To test Eggbert’s stomach contents for protein, place several drops of Biuret’s solution in the test tube. Wait a few minutes and observe any color change. Note the color change in the data table.

Molecule tested / Egbert’s stomach / Description of Test Results
Starch
Sugar
Fat
Protein

Conclusion

What is in Eggbert’s stomach? Justify your answer using evidence from the lab.

______

ORGANIC COMPOUND CHART

Carbohydrates / Lipids / Proteins / Nucleic Acids
Elements
Function / Simple Sugar 
Starch 
Subunits/
Monomers
Examples
Test / Simple Sugar 
Starch 
Picture

4.1.1 – Biochemistry Practice EOC Questions

1. Which type of molecule do whales use for energy storage and insulation?

A. fat B. DNA C. starch D. glucose

2. A good source of quick energy is ______, but if you don’t burn them off, they will become ______.

  1. Lipids; carbohydrates B. Carbohydrates; lipidsC. Proteins; amino acids D. Starches; nucleic acids

3. Where might scientists find the carbohydrate: cellulose? A. LettuceB. Steak C. mRNA D. Butter

4. An iodine solution is placed on the cut side of a potato. Within seconds, a blue-black color appears. What is most likely occurring?

A. a negative test for proteins B. a negative test for starches

C. a positive test for proteins D. a positive test for starches

5. Is the picture molecule organic or inorganic and HOW could you tell? ______

6. The chart indicates the elements contained in four different molecules and the number of atoms of each element in those molecules. Which molecule can be classified as organic?

A. molecule A B. molecule B C. molecule C D. molecule D

4.1.1 - Organic Compound Vocabulary Review

*Carbohydrates – Color Blue *Proteins – Color Green

*Lipids – Color Red *Nucleic Acids – Color Yellow

Protein / Elements found in organic compounds / Cellulose / Test for
a protein / Monosaccharide
/ Phospholipids / Amino
Acids / Iodine / For short term energy; examples are sugars and starch
Nucleotide / The genetic information; examples are DNA and RNA
Nucleic Acid / Benedict’s
Solution / Test for
a sugar / Structure of a Nucleotide
Test for
starches / Carbohydrate / Biuret’s
Solution / Nucleic
Acid / Found in the cell membrane
Lipid / Sugar, phosphate, and base / Structure of
a Lipid / / Subunit of
a Protein
Plant
starch / Subunit of a carbohydrate / Examples are hemoglobin, antibodies, and enzymes / Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen / Used for long term energy and insulation

Name the compound and the subunit for each of the pictures below:

Compound Name / Compound Structure
compound name______
subunit name______ /
compound name______
subunit name______ /
compound name______
subunit name______ /
compound name______
subunit name______ /

Enzymes 4.1.3

Living organisms are dependent on certain ______reactions that normally would occur too slowly or require too much ______to be practical. To make these reactions possible, special ______called ______ are used.

What does an enzyme do?

Enzymes

  1. act as ______that ______the amount of energy (______energy) needed for a ______reaction to begin
  2. ______up the reaction
  3. ______down organic compounds
  4. ______organic compounds

How does an Enzyme work?

  1. Enzymes are very ______. They work only on certain substances called ______.
  2. Each type of enzyme has an area on it that is called the ______site.

**The active site of the enzyme and the shape of the substrate __ together like the pieces of a ______or lock and ____. If the shape of the substrate doesn’t fit the _____ site, then that enzyme will not work with that substrate.**

  1. Once the ______fits into the active site it stays there until the______is ______.
  2. When the reaction is complete, the product is ______, and the enzyme, which has not been changed during the ______, can be used in another process.

LABEL ENZYME:

Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

Anything affecting the chemical reaction can affect how well an enzyme works.

  1. ______- if there is a higher concentration of______present, then there is a greater ______that the substrate will fit into the ______site, and the rate ______
  2. ______- Most enzymes in your body work best at around 37’C. If the temperature is much ______, then the enzyme changes ______(denature) , the substrate will not ______, and the reaction will slow down.
  3. pH- Most enzymes have a ______pH range that allows them to work most efficiently. If the pH gets higher or ______, then the enzyme will change shape (______), the substrate will not fit, and the reaction will ______down.

4.1.3 - Enzymes

Label the image below using the terms:

Enzyme, Substrate(s) , Active Site, Product(s), Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Practice EOC Questions:

  1. Individuals who lack lactase are unable to break down the sugar lactose. Which term best describes lactose?

A. enzyme B. fatty acidC. lipidD. starch

2. Enzymes belong to which of the following class of macromolecules?

A. carbohydratesB. lipidsC. proteinsD. nucleic acids

3. Enzymes are said to be specific because they:

A. work at only one temperatureB. work at only one pH

C. Catalyze only certain reactionsD. are lipids with special functions

4. Many enzymes in the human body function best at 37 degrees Celcius. What is the most likely result of a drastic increase in body temperature?

A. enzymes become hormones B. enzymes become denatured

C. enzymes become more active D. enzymes become sluggish

5. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by-

A. increasing activation energyB. decreasing activation energy

C. reducing the number of productsD. reducing the number of reactants

6. In which pH range do both enzymes show some activity?

A. basicB. acidicC. neutralD. alkaline

7. Which statement describes enzymes?

A. enzymes are proteins that are reusable in bacteria only

B. enzymes are lipids that keep chemiacl reactions from occurring

C. enzymes are proteins that can be destroyed at high temperatures

D. enzymes are lipids that break down proteins

4.1.3 - Jello Enzyme Lab

About Jello: Gelatin is made from a protein called collagen which comes from the joints of animals. Gelatin may be dissolved in hot water. As the dissolved gelatin mixture cools, the collagen forms into a matrix that traps the water; as a result, the mixture turns into the jiggling semi-solid mass that is so recognizable as Jell-O™.

1. In your own words, describe gelatin.______

2. What organic compound is gelatin made of? ______

About Pineapple: Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme (an enzyme that digests proteins) that is found in pineapples.

3. What organic compound does bromelain break down? ______

4. What are the building blocks of proteins? ______

5.What is the substrate?______What is the enzyme?______

What are the products?______

About Canned Pineapple: Canned foods are heated to very high temperatures during the canning process in order to kill bacteria.

1. Describe what might happen to the enzyme found in pineapple after it is heated at very high temperatures. ______

2.What would change about the enzyme? ______

Initial Observation / Final Observation
Fresh Pineapple + Jello
Canned Pineapple + Jello

Enzymes and Temperature

Procedure:

  1. Label three cups A, B, C
  2. Place SIX drops of iced yeast solution in cup A.
  3. Place SIX drops of room temperature yeast solution in cup B.
  4. Place SIX drops of boiled yeast solution in cup C.
  5. Now quickly place about 3 drops of H2O2 in cup A.
  6. Carefully observe thecups.
  7. Record the reaction time and bubble rating.
  8. If the reaction lasts longer than 1 minute, write “>1”.
  9. Repeat steps 5-8 for depression B and then for cup C.

Data Table 1

Cups / Complete Time for reaction / Bubble Rating (0-10)
A. iced
B. room temp.
C. boiled

Bar Graph 1: Graph the Bubble Rating for each solution