FELLOWSHIP EXAMINATION JUNE 2002
VETERINARY ANAESTHESIA AND INTENSIVE CARE
PAPER 1
Perusal Time : 20 minutes
Time Allowed : Three (3) hours after perusal
Answer FIVE (5) out of 6 questions
All questions are of equal value.
Subsections of Questions are of equal value unless stated otherwise
1.(a)Discuss the basic pharmacology of local anaesthetic agents including reference
to such factors as classification, potency, onset of effect, duration of action, and Cm (minimum concentration). Use examples to illustrate your answer.
(15 marks)
(b)With respect to local anaesthesia, define the term “differential blockade” and briefly describe this phenomenon. (5 marks)
2.(a)What is surfactant, how and where is it produced, and what role does it serve?
(10 marks)
(b)Although we primarily think of the lung as an organ for gas exchange, the lung participates in many other functions. Write short notes on the non-ventilatory functions of the lung. (10 marks)
3.(a)(i)Using a rough sketch, draw and label the expected Ketty Curve (ie the
rise in alveolar concentration towards inspired concentration over time) for a highly soluble inhalational anaesthetic agent versus an insoluble inhalational anaesthetic agent.
(ii)What is the main factor influencing the height of the first “knee” of the curve. (6 marks)
(b)Briefly discuss the effect of a decrease in cardiac output on the speed of induction when performing a mask induction using a non-rebreathing system, assuming patient ventilation remains unchanged. Your answer should include a description of the expected effects when an agent such as desflurane is used versus an agent such as methoxyflurane. (7 marks)
(c)Briefly discuss the effect of a large ventilation to perfusion mismatch (eg. massive atelectasis) on the speed of induction when performing a mask induction as described in Q3. Once again, your answer should include a description of the expected effects when an agent such as desflurane is used versus an agent such as methoxyflurane. (7 marks)
Continued over/Vet. Anaesthesia Fellowship/Paper 1 2002
Continued/Vet. Anaesthesia Fellowship/Paper 1 2002
4.(a)Briefly describe normal fluid flux in the pleural cavity.(6 marks)
(b)What are the probable mechanisms for the accumulation of an abnormal volume of pleural fluid? (10 marks)
(c)How are gases removed from the pleural space? (4 marks)
5.(a)How does the pulse oximeter measure haemoglobin saturation?
(10 marks)
(b)What factors can affect SpO2 readings? (10 marks)
6.(a)How are prostaglandins and leukotrienes formed?(7 marks)
(b)How do COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes differ?(6 marks)
(c)List the conditions for which non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are contra-indicated. Indicate why these drugs are contraindicated in the conditions you have listed. (7 marks)
END OF PAPER