Utilizing Genetics to Improve Uniformity in Herd and Replacement Heifers
Uniformity is a marketable commodity and the key to efficiency in beef production. Cattle of different types and sizes cannot be marketed together, so it is beneficial to all producers to strive for uniformity. But as Tennessee Livestock Producers’ director of genetic programs, Kevin Thompson says, uniformity is not easily attainable. Instead it is an ongoing process that requires close management.
Challenges
Age and genetics are two factors that most greatly influence herd uniformity. They have a direct impact on frame size, muscle character, color, milking ability and fertility. If one can determine how to use these factors to his advantage, he is on track to a more uniform herd.
Of course there are many challenges associated with attaining herd uniformity. At the onset, farmers may be dealing with cows of various types and sizes. And when purchasing new cattle you can never be entirely sure what hidden traits you are introducing into your herd. Differing hide colors is another challenge to uniformity, and is shown to have a negative effect on marketability.
If you are a farmer who uses a short calving season, you may face an additional challenge in your efforts to achieve uniformity, as you must select first-calve heifersto retain before having time to fully measure certain factors, such as milking ability. These factors determine a heifer’s staying power in the herd. And according to Thompson, selecting heifers that will stay in the herd for multiple years is a key element to achieving your goal.
Overcoming Challenges
If your goal is uniformity, the first area of focus should be age. This begins in calving season, with selection and retention of replacement heifers. Once selected as a replacement heifer, the animal must be closely managed. She will need extra nourishment to quickly grow to breeding size. Once heifers are ready for breeding, they should be the first of the herd to go to the bull. There is an increased likelihood of conception during the first 1/3 of breeding season. Conception significantly improves the heifer’s chances of remaining in the herd multiple years, which equals profitability, and eventually, uniformity.
But while closely monitoring heifers for herd uniformity traits, the herd sire selection is even more important. You will consider weaning weight and yearling weight. Scrotal circumference is also a factor as it determines age at puberty, which impacts fertility and ultimately longevity within herd. Also take into consideration the would-be sire’s mother’s milking ability. The sire will pass this trait on to daughters. Adequate nutrition is vital to a healthy herd and allows for genetic potential.
Some farmers may consider changing to a different cattle breed to sire their herds. Initially this will cause issues with uniformity. However, crossbreeding does increase heterosis, the possibility to obtain a genetically superior individual by combining the virtues of its parents. But with good selection and management, producers can increase herd longevity which will help overcome uniformity issues.
Whatever route you decide to take, remember, management is key.