USE OF FOOTNOTES, ENDNOTES, CITATIONS AND REFERENCING IN ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCHES
COMPILED
BY
ADEGBENRO ELIJAH OLUWATOSIN
ARC/01/9200
TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE COURSE ARC 805 ( RESEARCH METHODOLOGY)
LECTURER IN CHARGE
PROF O. OGUNSOTE
COURSE : ARC 805 MARCH,2008
1.0 FOOTNOTES AND ENDNOTES
Footnotes provide a detailed citation of the source on the same page as the quoted or paraphrased material. Footnotes are listed at the bottom of the page on which a reference is made. A numeral is placed in the text to indicate the cited work and again at the bottom of the page in front of the footnote. Footnotes are used when there is only a small number of a reference. When there is a large number of a reference, endnotes (either at the end of the chapter or the end of the whole work) are used. Endnotes are the same as footnotes, except that they are listed at the end of the essay.
A footnote appears within the actual text, at the foot of the page, whereas an endnote appears at the very end of an article or a chapter but before the bibliography. Oftentimes, endnotes for all chapters will appear at the back of the book. Footnotes are preferred by many as they provide readers an ease of reference (given that the notes are close to the text). Endnotes are preferred when writers run the risk of lengthy and unwieldy footnotes. Endnotes are good places to quote or discuss supplementary material (lengthy quotations, tables, graphs). **Like bibliographic entries, endnotes and footnotes are structured in different ways depending on the citation style you select.
Either footnotes or endnotes can be used; the only real difference is where they appear. Notes provide supplementary information and this information can be provided by footnotes. On the other hand, if these are too intrusive, all notes can be put at the end as endnotes. Here are some more examples of footnotes and endnotes:
When referring to a source already cited, the title of the work already is simply shortened as cited as follows:
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Danet, Law and Society Review, 448.
There are two ways of using EndNote with footnotes in architectural researches:
- One can create the footnotes using your word processor, and then insert the citations into the footnotes using a normal author-date style like APA. After one formats the paper, the footnotes will contain abbreviated in-text citations such as (Smith, 1992) and the full reference will appear in the list of references at the end of the paper.
- One can create the footnotes using word processor, and then insert the citations into the footnotes using a special style which is configured to deal specifically with footnotes. The standard EndNote output style for footnotes is Chicago 15thA, which is based on the provisions of the Chicago Manual of Style (15th edition). With these styles, the citation may appear in the footnote as a complete reference, an abbreviated reference with just a short title, or as "ibid.", depending on how the style is configured. The full reference will appear in the list of references at the end of the paper.
If the setting is Same as citations, EndNote will format the references like the citations in the text, which is probably something like: (Smith, 1999).
If the setting is Same as bibliography, EndNote will format the references in the footnotes in the same was as the references in the bibliography at the end of your document.
The corresponding footnotes or endnotes can have the following format :
1. Kit Denton, Closed File (Adelaide: Rigby, 1983), 68.
2. Barry Bridges, "Lord Kitchener and the Morant/Handcock Executions", Journal of the Australian Historical Society 73 (June 1987): 37.
2.0 CITATION
Citing means formally recognizing, within ones text, the resources from which one has obtained information. Citation is the passage or words quoted within your text, supported with evidence of the source.Phrases used to introduce cited material are called signal phrases. These phrases usually come before quotations. In architectural researches citations are necessary.
MLA citation style for architectural researches refers to the rules and conventions established by the Modern Language Association for acknowledging sources used in a research paper. MLA citation style uses a simple two-part parenthetical documentation system for citing sources: citations in the text of a paper are used to point to an alphabetical Works Cited list that appears at the end of the paper. Together these references identify and credit the sources used in the paper and allow others to access and retrieve this material.
2.1 USING APA STYLE FOR ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCHES
2.1.1 Citations in Text of Electronic Material
To cite a specific part of a source, the page, chapter, figure, table, or equation at the appropriate point in text is indicated. The page numbers for quotations (see section 3.34) is always given with words page and chapter abbreviated in such text citations:
(cheek & Buss,1981 p.332)
(Shimamura, 1989,chap.3)
For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, the paragraph number is used, if available, it is preceded by the paragraph symbol or the abbreviation Para. If neither paragraph nor page numbers are visible, the heading and the number of the paragraph following it is cited to direct the reader to the location of the material for instance like (see section 3.39).
2.1.2 Methods Of Using Citation For Architectural Researches.
(1) When citing part of an article or book, by quoting or paraphrasing, the relevant page number(s) is/are given :
Symond’s short story, “Building the Porch,” is weakened by an abrupt ending
(101).
(2) When citing a work by a corporate, or group author, a long name in the text is included so that reading is not interrupted by a long parenthetical reference:
According to a study sponsored by the National Council for the Advancement
of Women, a steady, if slight, increase in women breaking into management
positions was recorded (24).
(3) When citing In a paper in which two or more works by the same author are mentioned, the title of the work in proper format after the author’s name is included:
The consequences of these daydreams are recorded in minute detail (Taylor,
Crossfire 36).
(4) When citing an indirect or secondary source, the information from the original Source is included whenever possible:
Lester maintains these medieval scholars were rebelling against the church (qtd. in Berent 203).
(5) When citing from a Bible, words are shortened, as follows: 1 Chron. 21:8
(6) When citing from an electronic source the page or paragraph reference is given if available.
If neither is available, the author or title of the article in the text is included:
“The study of comparative literature,” Bill Readings wrote, “takes off from the
idea of humanity” (6).
(7) When citing from Internet references it should appear in the same form as all other references (e.g., author, title, and print publication information). A complete reference should be
included in the Works Cited including the path for access.
• Include the date of access and network address
Examples:
An online book available independently:
Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Ed. Henry Churchyard. 1996. Jane Austen
Information Page. 6 Sept. 2002 <
pridprej.html>.
2.2 What Researchers Are Expected To Know About Citations
All sources for all verbatim quotations of two or more consecutive words should be cited.
Researchers are expected to know the original source of any quotation, whether for the purpose of checking its accuracy or using it in their own work. Exact wording, or even a single distinctive word, taken from a source should be placed in quotation marks.
All sources from which one paraphrases or summarizes facts or ideas should be cited.
Whenever researchers rely on another's information or ideas, the source of the researcher should be cited., even if a verbatim quotation is not used. When paraphrasing a source in a research work, the summary or paraphrase must be organized in a distinctive manner.
All sources that add relevant information to the particular topic or argument of your work should be cited.
Supplementary citations require the format of notes
Sources for materials that you might not normally consider as “texts” should be cited because they are not written.
All non written sources must be cited
Cite sources for non-interchangeable computer programs and software
Scholars in the architectural field frequently use computer software programsfor numerical calculation, data analysis and presentation. Computer applications that are interchangeable and thereby help any user achieve similar results do not need to be cited. Such applications include:
• /
Word-processing programs
• / Spreadsheet programs
• / Database programs
• / Draw programs
Computer applications with unique features that influence the results of a calculation or analysis should be cited, along with the technique used with the program to obtain the result described in ones research paper. Such
Application might include:
• /
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) programs
• / Computer algebra programs
• / Data analysis programs
• / Calculation programs
• / Three-dimensional visualization software
It should be noted that an author's name is presented in full if known, with given name or initials before surname. All significant words in the title and subtitle are capitalised, as are the first and last words of each. Publication details for a book are enclosed in parentheses. Commas are used to separate the main elements of the citation.
Citations for e-books should follow the format of the examples below:
Thomas Eckes. The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender. (MahwahNJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000), netLibrary e-book.
Len Bass, Paul Clements, and Rick Kazman. Software Architecture in Practice, 2nd ed. (Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003), Safari e-book.
2.3 Use Of Abbreviations In Architectural Research Citation
Standard abbreviations may be used in one citations. A list of appropriate abbreviations can be found in The Chicago Manual of Style.1
chap. / chaptered. (eds.) / edition, editor(s)
et al. / and others
n.d. / no date of publication
no. (nos.) / number(s)
n.p. / no place of publication
p. pp. / page(s)
par. / paragraph
pt. / part
rev. / revised
supp. or suppl. / supplement
trans. / translator, translated by
vol. / volume
Source :Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 571-577.
2.4 How To Modify The Citation In The Footnote To Remove The Author's Name?
When using an author/date style (e.g. Harvard style), EndNote allows you to modify the citations in your document in various ways, such as removing the author or year from the citation. However, this is not possible with a footnote style.
3.0 REFERENCING
3.1 Definition Of Reference
Reference is the detailed description of the item from which you have obtained your information.
3.2 Why Is A Referencing System Necessary In Architectural Researches
During research studiesit is often necessary to refer to works produced and written by someone else. There is need to prove that one has idea of what has been written on the subject previously, but absolutely one must not pretend the ideas is borne out of one ( this is called plagiarism or cheating) . For the purpose of an architectural research works, a formal system of referencing is necessary to:
• Acknowledge the work of other writers and researchers
• Demonstrate the body of knowledge on which you have based your work
• Enable other researchers to trace one sources easily and lead them on to further information.
When searching for the literature on a chosen subject, it is important to save
or note down precisely all the details of the references to sources that is found. If this is not done, to trace accurately the sources needed may be practically difficult and additional work will be heard when one needs to list these references in the bibliography.
The following examples demonstrate the format for a variety of types of references. Included are some examples of citing electronic documents. For Print Documents like books, the standard format using Apa style is
(Author/editor Year. Title: Subtitle. Edition. (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher,)
3.3 Format Used In Architectural References
3.3.1 Format For Referencing Parts Of A Book
These examples are for chapters or parts of edited works in which the chapters or parts have individual title and author/s, but are included in collections or textbooks edited by others. If the editors of a work are also the authors of all of the included chapters then it should be cited as a whole book using the examples given above (Books).
Author of Part, A. "Title of chapter or part." In Title: Subtitle ofBook,Edition, edited by. A. Editor & B. Editor, inclusive page numbers. Place of publication: Publisher, Year.
3.3.2 Format For Referencing Journal Articles
Author of article. "Title of Article." Title of Journal volume, issue number (year): page number/s.3.3.3 Format For Referencing Electronic Documents ( E-Books)
Author. Title of E-book. Place: Publisher, Date of original publication. Source.3.3.4 For E-Journals
Author. "Title of Article." Title of Journal. Volume, issue ( month year): page/paragraph numbers. Database Name (if appropriate). internet address (date of access).3.3.5 Format For Referencing Internet Documents
Author's name. Document title. Source/production information, Date of internet publication. internet address (Date of access).Examples include
Professional Internet site
Romance Languages Resources. Chicago: U of Chicago, 2001. (accessed September 12, 2001).
General Internet site
Harris, Jonathan G. "The Return of the Witch Hunts." Witchhunt Information. (accessed September 12, 2001).
3.3.6 Format For Referencing Non-Book
Performer or Composer, A. Title : Subtitle. format. Special credits. Place of publication: Publisher, Year.It should be noted that a performer or composer is only given principal credit if they are the focus of the recording, otherwise the material is listed in the bibliography by title.
Other Formats include
3.3.7 Sound Recording
Young, Dougie. "I Don't Want Your Money." The Songs of Dougie Young. audiocassette. Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1994.
3.3.8 Film
Blade Runner. DVD. Directed by Ridley Scott with performances by Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, and Sean Young. Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 1983.
3.3.9 Video recording
The Neon Bible. VHS. Written and produced by Terence Davies. Triumph Video, 1998.
REFERENCES
Claudia L. Johnson, Jane Austen: Women, Politics, and the Novel (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1988) 78.
David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: Morrow, 1986) 361.
Jane Brody, Jane Brody's Nutrition Book (New York: Norton, 1981) 219.
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