Barks

Study Guide for

United States History Independence to 1914

Chapter 1, Sections 2-4; Chapter 2, Sections 1 - 4

PEOPLE:

Middlemen – overland trade between Western Europe and the Far East passed through the

hands of many middlemen.

Protestants – people who were protesting against the Catholic Church

Dissenters – those who disagreed with the rules and did not follow them, like Thomas

Hooker, Anne Hutchinson, and Roger Williams did in the Puritan colony of

Massachusetts Bay

EUROPEANS AND THE NEW WORLD:

Motives for Exploration:

  1. Find a northwest route to the Far East
  2. Gold, silver, and other gems
  3. Claim new lands
  4. curiosity

Explorers:

1. Dias

First Portuguese sailor to sail to the tip of Africa (Cape of Good Hope) and return

to Portugal

2. Vasco Da Gama

First Portuguese sailor to go around the Cape of Good Hope and reached India

3. Prince Henry the Navigator

- Portuguese prince who supported exploration

- Responsible for the development of new navigational tools

- Helped start the “Age of Exploration”

4. Ponce De Leon

"discovered " Florida while searching for the Fountain of Youth

5. Ferdinand Magellan

-credited with being the first man to circumnavigate the earth

-discovered a western route to Asia

6. Christopher Columbus

- Made 4 voyages to the 'New World"

- Treated the Indians poorly

7. Las Casas

Sailed with Columbus, known as the "Protector of the Indians".

8. Balboa

First European to see the Pacific Ocean

9. Amerigo Vespucci

Explorer after whom America was named

10. Samuel De Champlain

Founded the colony of Quebec, Canada for the French

Colonial Leaders:

John Smith

  1. Early leader of the Jamestown colony
  2. instituted the "no work, no food" policy

John Rolfe

  1. made Jamestown profitable by introducing tobacco as a cash crop
  2. married Pocahontas

Roger Williams

  1. Founded the colony of Rhode Island after he was banished from the Massachusetts Bay colony for disagreeing with Puritan leadership
  2. A dissenter

John Winthrop

  1. Leader of the Massachusetts Bay colony

William Bradford

  1. Leader of the Pilgrims

Groups of People

Pilgrims

  1. Founded the Plymouth Massachusetts colony
  2. The original charter was for a colony in Virginia; however, they were blown off course and landed in New England. The rules of the charter could not be used because they had landed outside of the jurisdiction of the London Company Charter. This led to the writing of the Mayflower Compact as a set of rules to govern their colony by since the rules of their London Company Charter did not apply.

Puritans

a. Protestant group that wanted to reform or purify the Church of England

b Came to America for religious freedom after persecution for refusing to conform to the

Church of England.

  1. Puritans did not allow religious freedom in their colony.
  2. Their treatment of the American Indians was the worst of all the early colonists

Indentured servants

  1. people who came to the new world and worked without pay for 7 years in exchange

for their passage to America

Places:

Portugal and Spain - These two countries were leaders in exploration and colonization in

the early 15th and 16th centuries.

Colonies:

Jamestown

  • Founded in 1607, it was the first successful English colony in the New World
  • Started by charter granted to the London Company, a joint-stock company.
  • Almost failed because they settlers did not have the skills needed to live in

the wilderness.

Maryland - Proprietary colony founded by Lord Baltimore

Rhode Island - Founded by Roger Williams after he was banished from the

Massachusetts Bay Colony. Another dissenter, Anne Hutchinson, also

settled there after being banished.

Connecticut - Founded by Thomas Hooker, known as the "Father of American

Democracy".

Georgia - Started by James Oglethorpe as a place for people who had been jail for

their debts to have a new start. Georgia was also seen as a military outpost

between Spanish Florida and the rest of the colonies.

Massachusetts Bay Colony - Puritan colony led by John Winthrop

Plymouth Colony - Pilgrim colony led by William Bradford

Three types of colonies:

  1. royal colonies
  2. proprietary colonies
  3. self-governing colonies
  • By 1750, 8 of the original 13 colonies had become royal colonies. This served the purpose of tightening the king's control over the colonists.

The colonies were divided into 3 geographic areas:

  1. New England Colonies - Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island
  2. Middle Colonies - New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware
  3. Southern Colonies - Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia
  • The geographic area of the colonies determined their economic development.

Things:

Mayflower Compact – an early plan for self-government written by the Pilgrims

Joint-stock company - a group of people who invest money together to finance new

projects

London Company - a joint-stock company responsible for settling Jamestown

Tobacco - cash crop introduced to Jamestown by John Rolfe

Small pox - disease responsible for killing hundreds of Indians in the New World

Charter – document that gave settlers permission to start a new colony

Slave Codes – laws that restricted the activities of slaves. The more slaves an area had, the

stricter the slave codes.

Columbian Exchange – ideas, plants, animals and diseases exchanged between the Old

World and the New World

Ideas:

Mercantilism

  • The idea that colonies exist for the benefit of the "mother country", Britain.
  • Trade is regulated for the benefit of the mother country
  • The colonies sent raw materials to Britain, Britain sent finished products to the colonies.
  • European practice of carefully controlling trade to create and maintain wealth.

These items are on the Exam

  • Church of England or Anglican Church
  • Separatists - The Puritans and Pilgrims wanted to reform the Church of England. When the church would not change, the groups decided to separate from the Church of England and became known as separatists.

Thomas Hooker

Anne Hutchinson Dissenters – Disagreed with - did not follow the rules

Roger Williams

  • Roger Williams (Rhode Island), Anne Hutchinson (Rhode Island), and Thomas Hooker (Connecticut), are dissenters – that is they disagree with Puritan rules. All three are banished (put out of) from the Puritan colony of Massachusetts Bay.
  • Thomas Hooker believed in democratic government. Known as the “father of American Democracy”.
  • Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams – believed in religious tolerance.

Parliament – Law making government body in England

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