UNIT VIII – THE RENAISSANCE (AD1400’s & AD1500’s)
Pope Leo X on Humanism: Nothing more excellent or useful has been given to men
by the Creator, if we except the true knowledge and worship of Himself, than these studies.
TERMS TO KNOW
· RENAISSANCE – literally “rebirth” or “revival,” a cultural and political movement originating in Italy in the 14th century
· TRIVIUM – the three basic branches of Middle Ages education: grammar, rhetoric, and logic
· QUADRIVIUM – four more advanced branches of Middle Ages education: arithmetic, geometry, astonomy, and music
· SCHOLASTICISM – system of education which builds on the wisdom of the Fathers of the Church and the philosophy of Aristotle and Plato
· HUMANISM – 14th Century movement focusing on the human spirit over the theological understanding of man
· SECULAR – that which belongs to this life or the world; typically in contrast and opposition to things of the Church
DATES TO KNOW
· AD1453 – Fall of Constantinople
PEOPLE TO KNOW
· St. Thomas Aquinas – Dominican priest, Scholastic educator, and Doctor of the Church who gives the Church the clearest and most brilliant combination of philosophy and theology
· Nicolo Machiavelli – Italian writer and philosopher most famous for a book which promoted the use and, when necessary, the abuse of political power
· Erasmus of Rotterdam – a Dutch Catholic priest known for embracing humanist philosophy within a Catholic worldview
The World of the Renaissance
The word “Renaissance” literally means: ______
Originates in ______in the 14th century and from there spread to the rest of Europe
Focuses on: ______
I. RENAISSANCE: ARTS & CULTURE
Spiritual renewal led to a renewal of ______
New ideas and culture introduced from ______
All aspects of life and culture connected with ______
The Arts…
Included things like: ______
Art an object for ______
Arts explore beauty in ______to the Faith
Renaissance: Architecture
Cathedral of Florence, Italy Cathedral of St. Paul-Minneapolis Cathedral of Turin, Italy
Renaissance: Arts & Literature
Raphael – best known for his ______and his paintings in the ______apartments
Petrarch – called the “______” (but NOT a Father of the Church)
Dante Aleghieri – author of ______
Michelangelo – showed grandeur of ______
Leonardo da Vince – the man who wanted to know everything.
A Painter & an inventor: Painted ______& ______
II. RENAISSANCE: LEARNING
From Monastery & Cathedral schools to Universities
Universities started by ______because the monastery & cathedral schools were ______
Students studied under expert teachers, eventually ______their disciplines
The goal of a university was to give students ______
The Papacy had a key role in establishing & supporting Universities
Various universities
Paris – most influential European University (known for: ______)
Bologna (known for: ______)
Salerno (known for: ______)
Many ______leaders were educated in Universities
Led to great flowering of Renaissance culture
Studied “liberal arts”
· Trivium – grammar, rhetoric, logic
· Quadrivium – arithmetic, geometry, music, & astronomy
Scholasticism – approach to learning used in Universities
St. Anselm of Canterbury was one of the first to use this method
His famous principle: Fides quarens intellectum
[meaning: ______]
What is St. Anselm’s starting point for all learning? ______
He synthesizes ______
SCHOLASTIC METHOD
(1) Raising a disputed question
(2) Hearing arguments on both sides
(3) Giving a harmonized answer
(4) Offering a response to objections
St. Thomas Aquinas, Doctor of the Church – ______
So named because he had an intellect as advanced as ______
St. Albert the Great: This dumb ox shall bellow so loud that his bellowings will fill the world
Thomas' s ______is illegible. It is unreadable.
He was the high-point of Scholasticism
Able to see the relationship and harmony between what 2 sets of things?
1. ______2. ______
Both stem from the ______
Used Aristotle’s philosophy to understand the Catholic Faith
Ex. used Aristotle’s understanding of matter to show the ______
This will be VERY important next semester…
Aristotle begins with the ______, but Plato and Plotinus dismissed the senses.
Renaissance: Literature & Learning
Scholars turned to ______and ______classics
Caused a desire to return to the Greco-Roman world in ______
Bl. J. H. Cardinal Newman: Greco-Roman civilization is the “the soil in which Christianity grew up.”
Principle of Middle Ages: ______
After Black Death, began to question this
Leads to less focus on ______, more on ______
Scripture & Tradition don’t ______
Humanism
Scholasticism, because it was closely tied to the Church, became ______
Humanism became ______
Denotes a certain mood and intellectual climate
More ______than Scholasticism
Fascination w/human achievement and individual’s ability to ______
The HUMANIST THINKER
The purpose of education is to make one wiser and more virtuous … ______
Focus was more on one’s relationship to the world instead of God… ______
EFFECTS OF HUMANISM ON EDUCATION
Sometimes caused inordinate reverence for ______
Caused some to focus on secular to the exclusion of ______
______no longer played a role in every aspect of daily life
Less influential in political and academic sphere
One good effect was that a true Christian (______) humanism also developed
A Christian Response to Humanism
The union of ______and ______
Christian Humanism focuses that a person is made in ______
Christ, as the Perfect Man, is obviously key…
III. RENAISSANCE POLITICS
NICOLO MACHIAVELLI
Founder of modern ______
Developed concept of “the ends justify the means.”
Over-emphasis on ______
Cast down Christian virtues from preeminent position
ERASMUS OF ROTTERDAM
Friend of ______
Extolled the primacy of ______
· Deep desire for reform and progress through ______
· Suggested a more personal and subjective ______
Encouraged study of the ______
IV. RENAISSANCE POPES
Often lived more like worldly princes than ______
Papacy cannot look ______as it has before
Servus servorum Dei (St. Gregory the Great) is gone; it’s now about ______
Pope Nicholas V – GOOD!
Preserved many ancient documents, founded Vatican Library
Successfully integrated new humanism with ______
The Good (Pius III, Julius II**), the Bad (Leo X), and the Ugly (Alexander VI)
Julius II – peak of Renaissance Papacy – moral, but ______; patron of the arts
More like secular rulers than spiritual Fathers
Spent much time ruling, defending, exploiting, and expanding ______
NOTE: the Pope possessed the Papal States from AD750-AD1870
V. THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE – AD1453
Background
Byzantium never really recovered after ______& the powerful Muslim Turks
Minor Council called to reunite East & West
BUT Latin bishops wanted to ______
Never discussed uniting against ______
Eastern emperor pressured Eastern bishops to come to an agreement
Temporary re-unification
Laity ______the reunification, causing more resentment of ______
“Better the turban of the Prophet than the Pope’s tiara”
Papal ships arrived ______with aide (too late), but Constantinople fell on May 29, 1453
Effects
MARKS END OF ROMAN EMPIRE!
Solidified split between ______
Italian city-states’ trade benefited greatly
Trade shifted from Constantinople to ______
Refugees brought a new infusion of life into the ______