Unit VII Motivation and Emotion
Module 37 Motivational Concepts
Module 38 Hunger Motivation
Module 39 Sexual Motivation
Module 40 Social Motivation
Module 41 Theories and Physiology of Emotion
Module 42 Expressed Emotion
Module 37 Motivational Concepts
P 390
Define motivation as psychologist use the term.
Motivation arises from Nature Biological and Nurture Thoughts + culture
4 Perspectives
- Instinct Theory (evolutionary)
- genetic predisposed behavior
- Drive Reduction Theory
- Focuses how our inner pushes (bio) and external pulls interact
- Arousal Theory
- Founding the right level of stimulation
- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- Describes how some of our needs take priority
P391
Instincts and Evolution as an Explanation for Behavior/Motivation
- Darwin- 20th century
- Behavior seen as instincts
- Early ideas simply labeled behavior and did not explain it.
More refined
Instinct
a complex behavior must have a fixed pattern throughout a species and be unlearned
Rooting reflexes (instinct)
Sucking
Evolution Psych says “genes predispose species- typical behavior example
Phobias
Helping behaviors
Romantic Attractions
Drives and Incentives Drive Reduction Theory
Says motivation arises because of the need to maintain homeostasis
Motivation is a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
PhysiologicalNeed:
- Creates an aroused state that drives an organism to reduce a need
Example eating/drinking/Physiological
As a need increases a drive increases an aroused motivated state
Drive-
Is an aroused motivated state
Physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis
Homeostasis- the maintenance of steady internal state
Example temperature status
Homeostasis needs feedback
P 391 Chart
Drive-reduction theory- Drive-reduction motivation arises from homeostasis—an organism’s natural tendency to maintain a steady internal state. Thus, if we are water deprived, our thirst drives us to drink and to restore the body’s normal state.
Incentives help motivate behavior: Push Pull Factors
incentive:a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
These are conditioned
Learning connects to our motives.
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
The regulation of any aspect of body glucose
We are pulled by incentives
Optimal Arousal Theory:
“Some behaviors increase arousal.”“Motivated behaviors increase arousal”
People who like arousal seek out intense stimuli
Sensation Seekers
We need arousal to a certain extent- some people seek arousal
Some people want to reduce the level of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson Law:
Says there is an optimal level or arousal for certain tasks
“Suggesting that moderate arousal would lead to optimal performance.”
P 393
Hierarchy of Motives/Priority of Needs
Maslow: Hierarchy of Needs
“Primary needs must be addressed before they can progress to higher needs.”
P 393 New Maslow Model
Why does Maslow say the needs build on each other?
Self-Actualization:
People seek to realize their own potential
Self-Transcendence Level
People strive for meaning, purpose that is beyond the self (higher level meaning)
Maslow’s hierarchy of needsOnce our lower-level needs are met, we are prompted to satisfy our higher-level needs. (From Maslow, 1970.) For survivors of the disastrous tornadoes that swept across the Midwest and Southeastern United States in 2011, satisfying very basic needs for water, food, and safety became top priority. Higher-level needs on Maslow’s hierarchy, such as respect, self-actualization, and meaning, become far less important during such times.
Module 38 Hunger Motivation p 396
Physiology of Hunger
What does the Cannon Washburn study tell us about Hunger?
(Balloon in stomach study)
Body Chemistry and the Brain
Blood glucose level in stomach and intestines and liver signal your brain to motivate eating.
Brain chemistry monitors blood glucose
Hypothalamus:
Neural AreasHypothalamus areas that influence eating onside secretes appetite stimulating hormone
Another area secretes appetite suppressing hormones
P 399
Blood Chemistry:
Appetite Hormones
GhrelinHunger arousing, secreted when stomach is empty, signals brain (stomach surgery reduces ghrelin reduces appetite
Insulin Hormone secreted by the Pancreas controls blood glucose
Orexin hunger triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus
Leptin Protein in hormone secreted by fat cells increases metabolism and decreases Hunger
PYY Digestive tract hormone sends satiety signals to brain
Body has weight Thermostat
Low weight body increases appetite
Hunger- increases energy outlet decreases
Basal Metabolic Rate:
=Energy use at rest
Set Point
Point at which the weight thermostats is set
Point where increase or decrease metabolism
Metabolic Rate
Regulates energy use of the body.
Psychology of Hunger
Factors that influence hunger
Memory and Eating
Mood and taste Preferences
Tense and depressed = carbohydrates and sweets
Boosts serotonin levels
Conditioning
Taste Aversion
Culture
Recipes with spices inhibit growth of bacteria
Pregnant Women
Food dislikes + nausea peaks 10th week when developing embryo is most susceptible to toxins
Neophobia
Fear of things unfamiliar
Evolutionary adaptive
Situational Influences on Eating
- Presence of others = more eating
- Amplifies natural behavior tendencies
- Unit Basis = portion size…
- We eat more with large portions
- Food Variety and Abundance- Stimulates eating, adaptive
P 401
Obesity and Weight Control
Social Issues
Associated with lower psychological well-being especially women
Increase depression
Kids being bullied
Physical Health Risks
Physiology of Obesity
Fat storage= stored energy
When food is scarce
Body Mass Index of 30 or more
Problem of Diabetes-
High blood pressure
Heart disease
Gallstones
Arthritis
Some cancer
Lower life expectancy
Women with obesity-
Late in life cognitive decline
Alzheimer’s
Brain tissue loss
Set Point
People with more body fat need less food to maintain weight
Body burns few calories when we are burning fat
(fat people = conserving energy)
Lean people burn non-calories= not conserving energy
Genetic Factors
Weight reassembles parents’
Environmental Factors
Sleep loss = obesity
Reduces = leptin decrease = more food
Ghrelin increase = more food
Changing food consumption
Changing activity levels
More food less activity
Weight management
- Eating habits and exercise
- Minimize exposure to tempting food cues
- Simple meals- limit food variety to:
- Grains
- Fruits
- Vegetables
- Healthy fat= olive oil
- Fish
- Crispy greens
- Reduce portion size
- Don’t starve
- Monitor eating
Module 39 Sexual Motivation
Human Sexual Response Cycle
Enjoyment of Sex = pleasure nature’s (genes) way of preserving and spreading themselves
Physiology of Sex
Internal and external stimuli
Sexual Response Cycle
Masters and Johnson
Recorded physiological responses of volunteers
Measured sexual cycles
600 + people in the study, measured 10,000 cycles
Found the Sexual Response Cycle that includes 4 stages
- Excitement Phase
- Blood flow and physiological response
- Plateau Phase
- Excitement peaks
- Breathing, pulse, blood pressure increase
- Secretions
- Orgasm
- Muscle contractions
- Increase breathing/pulse
- Increase blood pressure
- (a woman’s arousal and orgasm facilitate conception, evolutionaryhelping reproduction)
- Pleasure- same area of brain regions are activated men and women
- Resolution Phase
- Blood leaves organs
- Male refractory period
- Few minutes or day or more
- Orgasm is incapable during refractory period
- Female refractory period
- Time is much less=Multiple orgasms possible
Masters and Johnson wanted to solve sexual dysfunction
Sexual Dysfunction
Problems associated with impairment of sexual arousal or function.
Sexual Arousal Problems
Male
Erectile dysfunction
Premature Ejaculation
Women
Pain
Female orgasmic disorder
Sexual distress Dysfunction
Is greatly correlated to emotional relationship problems
Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction
Sexual behavioral training
Drug therapy- Viagra
Hormones and Sexual Behavior
Effects of sex hormones
Activates sexual behavior, associated with fertility
- Female is sexually receptive
- Estrogen – estradiol peaks during ovulation
- Also females have naturally occurring testosterone and this also aids in sexual arousal
- Sexual desire rises during before/during/after ovulation
- Ovulation is 14 days after 1st day of bleeding egg is viable for only 12 hours.
- Sperm can be alive for 4 days
- 28-day cycle
- 4 days of bleeding
- Women experience more attraction
Male hormone levels are more constant- testosterone
Generally, decrease in hormones = decrease in sex drive
Psychology of Sex
Sex is not a biological need
Desire can be provoked by external or imagined stimuli, and there are cultural factors.
Compared with our motivation for eating, our sexual motivation is less influenced by biological factors. Psychological and social-cultural factors play a bigger role
Men and women experience sexual arousal by view erotic images.
Men have more response in amygdala.
Habituation occurs = less arousal with unchanging stimuli
External factors can influence sexual relations-
Imagined stimuli can create sexual arousal
Module 40 Social Motivation
Affiliation Needs
Evidence for affiliation
Need for affiliation is basic motive (adaptive)
Psychological needs drive our behaviors
When satisfied they enhance our psychological well-being.
Benefits of Belonging
(Evolutionary aspects)
Adaptive- “Social bonds boosted our early survival.”
Reproduction, Co-nurturing, Attachments- aided survival and protection
Cooperation=survival, “Those who felt a need to belong survived and reproduced”
“rich and satisfying relationships are very important.”
We spend lots of time thinking about relationships
Happiness + meaning are commonly associated with other people, family and lovers.
What was the most satisfying moment in your life last week?
Positive relationships help us cultivate and maintain:
- Satisfaction = self-esteem = is related to belonging
- Relatedness
- Autonomy
- Competence
- Self-esteem (all related to how valued or accepted we feel)
Social Behavior aims to increase our feelings of belonging and acceptance
We conform to group standards
We behave to obtain acceptance and love
Concept of US/WE= loving family, friendships, team spirit-
Explains also- gangs, ethnic rivalries, and nationalism
Brain Reward
Brain reward systems activate when we see loved one. Also help relieve pain.
Even ending a bad relationship causes suffering (our need to belong is that strong)
People fear isolation
Attachments:
Children who have difficulty experiencing secure attachments:
Foster kids
Family relocation
Disruptions in building attachments
May have difficulty in forming deep attachments
Insecure attachments may manifest in adulthood in 2 forms:
- Insecure Anxious Attachment
- Constantly craving acceptance but remaining vigilant to signs of possible rejection
- Insecure Avoidant Attachment
- “Feeling such discomfort over getting close to others that they employ avoidant strategies to maintain their distance.”
P 414
Very natural to experience anxiety, loneliness, jealousy, guilt when someone threatens or dissolves our social ties.
Worst life moments happen when close relationships end.
Immigration/chains of migration cause stress and loneliness
Isolation:
Risk of mental decline, ill health, low self-esteem, negative feelings and hostility
Pain of Being Shut Out:
Ostracism
Social exclusion
Feelings of loneliness
Feelings spread to other people
Emotional pain
Brain areas associated – anterior cingulate cortex-also responds to physical pain.
Social and physical pain same emotional response
Pain causes action, it motivates corrective action
Self-defeating behaviors occur when we feel rejected.
Also reduced empathy
school violence & rejection – correlation
Social Networking
“the only thing that really matters in life are your relationships.”
“A person is a person through other persons”
7.1 Billion people
6.8 billion mobile phone users
Internet is Social Amplification
Social Networking and Isolation
- Seems mostly to have strengthen our connections with people we already know
- Gigantic time and attention sucking
Electronic Self-Disclosing:
Less inhibited
Less self-conscious
Cyber bullies
More self-disclosure (face to face is better)
Narcissism
Self-esteem out of control
Self-importance
Self-focused
Self-promoting
Module 41 Theories and Physiology of Emotion
Emotions motivate us.
They are our body’s adaptive response,increasing our chances of survival.
When we face challenges,emotions focus our attention and energize our actions.
We feel exuberance and a newfound confidence.
Yet negative and prolonged emotions can harm our health.
Cognition and Emotion
Emotions are a mix:
- Arousal (physiological)
- Expressive behaviors (pale/red)
- Conscious experiences (thoughts)
- Feelings (panic, fear)
Theories of Emotion:
- James Lange
- Cannon-Bard
- Schacter-Singer
- Lazarus
James-Lange Theory
Arousal before emotion
Experience before emotion
Experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion/arousal
We notice arousal emotion
Cannnon-Bard
Arousal +Emotion occur simultaneously
Said body + Emotion occur separately but simultaneously
Body then cortex (awareness)
Schacter-Singer Cognition- (2 Factor)
Emotion requires a conscious interpretation of arousal
Physical reaction and our thoughts create emotion
2 factors
1. Physical arousal
2. Cognitive appraisal
“Spill Over Effect”
Physical arousal can be related to an emotion
“Arousal can spill over from one event to the next”
The very fact of increased physical arousal can create emotion when exposed to other’s emotion
Brain Pathways and Emotion:
Top Down Processing:
Complex emotions hatred, love, follow the high road.
Stimulus Thalamusto cortex analysis + labelcommand is set via amygdala=response
Bottom up = automatic speedy/low road
Simple likes and dislikes
Fears/low road
Short cut bypasses cortex
Reflexive
Cognition may not precede emotion
Zajonic “Some of our emotional reactions involve no deliberate thinking.”
- Fear provoking stimulus
- Thalamusdirect to amygdala =fastest response of emotion-no cortex first.
Module 42 Expressed Emotion
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