UNIT TWO Rev #2 KEY

UNIT TWO Rev #2 KEY

C-1

1. Eukaryotic cells posses a true NUCLEUS and membrane-bound ORGANELLES.

2. Most chemical reactions occur inside organelles, this allows the cell to be more efficient with its reactions.

3. Eukaryotic cells compartmentalize processes and reactions (allowing specific reactions to be coupled to other specific reactions), while Prokaryotic reactions just happen all over the place.

4. Prokaryotic organisms belong to KINGDOM MONERA. – Kingdom Archaebacteria - Kingdom Eubacteria.

5. Prokaryotic cells are much, much smaller.

C-2

1. See picture

2. The three main bacterial shapes are :

A) COCCI B) BACILLI C) SPIRILLUM

3. A COLONY

4. Unicellular means to be a single cell living independently.

5. Autotrophs – Are organisms that make their own source of chemical nutrients from other chemicals or other energy sources. Ex – A plant.

Heterotrophic – Are organisms that must obtain their chemical nutrients from other sources – usually by ingesting food.

6. Some categories of HETEROTROPHS are

a) CHEMOTROPHIC Heterotrophs – Use only chemicals

b) PHOTOTROPHIC Heterotrophs – Also use light for energy but must also take in food.

** Organims may also be described as being either SAPROPHYTIC (decompose dead stuff) or PARASITIC (attack the living)

7. PILI help bacteria adhere to other surfaces and for transferring DNA between each other.

8. The three main groups of Bacteria Taxonomy are

a) ARCHAEBACTERIA

b)  EUBACTERIA

c) CYANOBACTERIA – A special group of Eubacteria.

9. The group that has only Autotrophic Bacteria are the CYANOBACTERIA.

10.  Archaebacteria are adapted to live in the following types of environments : Extreme Acidic, Extreme Salty, Extremely High Temperatures, Low O2 – Anaerobic.

11.  GRAM Negative = THIN cell wall, stain PINK/red, absorb SAFRANINE.

12.  Gram Positive = THICK Cell wall, Stain PURPLE, absorb CRYSTAL VIOLET.

13.  Gram Negative – SAFRANINE - Pink

Gram Positive – Crystal Violet - Purple

14.  Staphylococcus and Streptococcus are both fairly common skin bacteria.

15.  A group known as the MYCOPLASMAS. Wall-less bacteria – Hard to treat mycoplasma infections – But why?

16.  Six Structural Characteristics :

a) CELL WALL- For structure
B) Cell Membrane – Acts as a gatekeeper

B) Nucleoid of DNA – Contains the genetic blue prints

C) CYTOPLASM – Fluid filled regions where various reactions take place

D)  Unique prokaryotic RIBOSOMES (protein factories)

E)  Most have capsule with PILI – For attachment and capsule provides some protection.

F)  Quite a few species have FLAGELLA – for locomotion.