Unit: Genetic Engineering

Ways to develop 1) Selective Breeding

organisms with 2) Cloning

desirable traits 3) Genetic Engineering

Selective - Only breed those carrying desirable traits

Breeding 1) ______

= breed organisms with ______traits

(ex: )

2) ______

= breed organisms with ______traits

(ex: horse + donkey  ______)

Cloning- Produce traits ______to parents’ traits

- A clone is a member of a population of

cells produced from a cell.

- Ian Wilmut

  • The scientist that cloned a named in 1997
  • How did he do it?

1) An is taken from a female

2) A is taken from a

3) The egg cell and nucleus are

4) The fused cell is put into a and allowed to grow

Genetic - Making changes in the DNA code of a living organism

Engineering

DNA Extraction- Scientists use chemicals to and separate from the other cell parts.

Cutting DNA- Restriction enzymes

.

G T A A C G T A A C

C A T T G C A T T G

  • Different restriction enzymes
  • Each restriction enzyme has a
  • some cut across and leave " ”
  • some make staggered cuts and leave " "

*The cut ends are called “ ” because they may “stick” to complementary base sequences by means of .

Separating DNA- Gel electrophoresis is used to

1) DNA is .

2) An electric voltage is added. DNA has a , so the fragments move to the . The smaller the piece of DNA, the faster and farther it moves.

3) The DNA makes a pattern of bands. This pattern can be compared to .

Recombinant - Recombinant DNA is

DNA

  • genes from one organism can be “______” (cut with restriction enzymes) and “______” (recombined) with DNA from another organism

Transformation - A process in which a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell and it becomes part of the cell’s DNA.

Transforming - A plasmid is a

bacteria- A gene is selected and cut out with

- The plasmid is also cut open with restriction enzymes.

- The binds to the (recombinant DNA)

- The plasmid is inserted into a .

- A genetic marker tells us if the bacteria cell has the foreign DNA.

  • The genetic marker is usually a gene that codes for .
  • If bacteria have a gene that makes them resistant to antibiotics, then .
  • To test if bacteria cells were transformed, scientists add antibiotics to the bacteria.

• Those with the plasmid

• Those that do not,

Transforming

plants

A. DNA is and

B. Transformation

- insert the in a and insert the plasmid into a

- the bacterial cell infects a and

C. Plant cells divide in and the plant grows &

Transforming

animals

A. Injection: is injected into fertilized mouse egg

B. Embryos are implanted into uterus of a

C. Selected gene is by some of the offspring

Transgenic- Organisms that have genes from

organisms- Another name for a transgenic organism is

Transgenic - Human genes can be added to bacteria so they can make important

Microorganisms substances like .

Transgenic- Transgenic animals have been used to and animals to improve the .

• Animals can be made to grow faster and provide more meat with less fat or to make more milk with more proteins

Transgenic plants- Transgenic plants are now an important part of our .

• Many of these plants contain a gene that produces a natural insecticide, so plants don’t have to be sprayed with pesticides.