Unit 5: Expansion, Division, and Reunion

(Standards: 7B, 8A-10f, 13c)

Union – North

Confederacy - South

SSUSH7: Process of economic growth, its regional and national impact in the first half of the 19th century, and the different responses to it.

-Westward Growth of the United States

Caused by rapid populating (by Europeans) of the land within the continental boundaries of the mainland United States
Conclusion of the War of 1812 saw westward movement with a significant outpouring of people across the continent to areas scarcely populated before the war
Admission of Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Alabama, and Mississippi as states into the Union.

Manifest Destiny.
Nineteenth-century belief that the United States had a mission to expand westward across the North American continent, spreading its form of democracy, freedom, and culture.
Obvious ("manifest") and Certain ("destiny") expansion.

SSUSH8: Relationship between growing north-south divisions and westward expansion.

Slavery InAmerican Politics:

-Slavery was the social and economic way of life for the plantations of 11 Southern states

-Gained new life during the early 19th century in the South with the introduction of the cotton-based agricultural system.

-Abolitionists turned to a more militant policy towards ending slavery and demanded immediate abolition by law

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

-Black American slave who led the only effective, sustained slave rebellion (August 1831) in U.S. history.

-Set off a new wave of oppressive legislation prohibiting the education, movement, and assembly of slaves and stiffened proslavery, anti-abolitionist convictions that persisted until the American Civil War

-Put an end to the white Southern myth that slaves were either content with their life or too submissive to mount an armed revolt.

Abolitionist Movement

The movement chiefly responsible for creating the emotional climate necessary for ending the transatlantic slave trade.
All states north of Maryland abolished slavery between 1777 and 1804.

William Lloyd Garrison

Wrote the Liberator
Organized the American Anti-Slavery Society which sponsored meetings, adopted resolutions, signed antislavery petitions to be sent to Congress, published journals and enlisted subscriptions, printed and distributed propaganda in vast quantities, and sent out agents and lecturers to carry the antislavery message to Northern audiences.

Frederick Douglass

African American who was one of the most eminent human rights leaders of the 19th century.
Became the first black citizen to hold high rank in the U.S. government.
Wrote Life and Times of Frederick Douglass

Grimké Sisters

Angelina Grimke and her sister Sarah Grimke whose family lived in S. Carolina and owned slaves.
Two sisters were exiled by their family due to the fact that they crusaded against slavery.
Crusaded to end slavery and the limitations on the rights of women.

Explain the Missouri Compromise

Agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories.
prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36° 30' North except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri
Attempt to try to avoid the American Civil War

Nullification Crisis:

The question of whether a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress
"Tariff of Abominations" made imported manufactured goods, previously cheaper, more expensive than those made in the North.
South Carolina's rice industry declined, but despite the tariff, its cotton industry flourished making some of its planters the richest in the country.
Andrew Jackson’s Vice President John Calhoun supported the theory that individual states could override federal legislation they deemed unconstitutional.

Result

Andrew Jackson sent seven small naval vessels and a man-of-war to Charleston telling them they were on the brink of treason
South became sympathetic to S. Carolina and planted seeds for Civil War

Development of sectionalism - identification with a geographic section of the United States and the cultural, social, economic, and political interests of that section.

Mexican – American War

War between the United States and Mexico over the United States’ annexation of Texas in 1845
Dispute over whether Texas ended at the Nueces River (Mexican claim) or the Rio Grande (U.S. claim).
U.S. forces were consistently victorious—resulted in the United States’ acquisition of more than 500,000 square miles of Mexican territory extending westward from the Rio Grande to the Pacific Ocean.

Wilmot Proviso

congressional proposal in the 1840s to prohibit the extension of slavery into the territories acquired after Mexican – American War
Never passed through Congress

The development of the Compromise of 1850.

Wrote by Henry Clay
Measures passed by the U.S. Congress to settle slavery issues and to avert the threat of a split of the Union.
The crisis arose from the request of the territory of California to be admitted to the Union with a constitution prohibiting slavery.
Territory of Utah was established and it was under the right of popular sovereignty.
Slavery was outlawed in Washington D.C.

SSUSH9: Key events, issues, and individuals relating to the causes, course, and consequences of the Civil War.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

National policy change concerning the expansion of slavery into the territories, where the use of popular sovereignty was taken over the congressional decision.
Provided for the territorial organization of Kansas and Nebraska under the principle of popular sovereignty – the right of residents of a territory to vote for or against slavery
Wiped out the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850

The Failure Of Popular Sovereignty

Caused by the Kansas-Nebraska act
Bleeding Kansas – A small civil war in the United States, fought between proslavery and antislavery advocates for control of the new territory of Kansas under the doctrine of popular sovereignty

Dred Scott Case

Ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court that made slavery legal in all the territories, adding fuel to the sectional controversy and pushing the nation to civil war.
He was taken by his master Dr. John Emerson from the slave state of Missouri to the free state of Illinois and then to the free territory of Wisconsin.
When the Army ordered his master to go back to Missouri, he took Scott with him back to that slave state, where his master died.
Sued for his freedom in court, claiming he should be free since he had lived on free soil for a long time.
Scott lost the decision as seven out of nine Justices on the Supreme Court declared no slave or descendant of a slave could be a U.S. citizen, or ever had been a U.S. citizen.
As a non-citizen, the court stated, Scott had no rights and could not sue in a Federal Court and must remain a slave.
The Scotts were later bought by the Blow family, who had sold Dred to Dr. John Emerson, and they were freed in 1857. Dred died of tuberculosis the following year.
Reinforced the Fugitive Slave Law

John Brown’s Raid

American abolitionist whose raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Va made him a martyr to the antislavery cause
Was instrumental in heightening sectional animosities that led to the American Civil War
Formed an “army of emancipation” to liberate their fellow slaves.

President Lincoln’s Efforts to Preserve theUnion:

Second Inaugural Address

Address was given during his re-election
Stressed what caused the dissolution of the Union and pointed to those in the south as the culprits
Stressed that Lincoln was still committed to preserving the Union.
“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”

The Gettysburg Speech

On Nov. 19, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln gave a dedication of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pa., the site of the Battle of Gettysburg

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.

It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.

Lincoln’s use of Emergency Powers

Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus, a procedural method by which one who is imprisoned can be immediately released if his imprisonment is found not to conform to law.
Lincoln defended his actions, arguing that the Constitution provided for the suspension of such liberties “in cases of Rebellion or Invasion, when the public Safety may require it.”
Habeas Corpus - A judicial mandate to a prison official ordering that an inmate be brought to the court so it can be determined whether or not that person is imprisoned lawfully and whether or not he should be released from custody.

Civil War People:

Ulysses Grant
Was appointed Union lieutenant general in March 1864 and was entrusted with command of all the U.S. armies.
Robert E. Lee
Confederate general, commander of the Army of Northern Virginia
The most successful of the Southern generals during the American Civil War (1861–65)
In 1865 he was given command of all the Southern armies.
His surrender at Appomattox Courthouse April 9, 1865, is commonly viewed as signifying the end of the Civil War.
“Stonewall” Jackson
Confederate General who was shot by his own troops accidentally at the battle of Chancellorsville and he died of complications from an amputated arm and pneumonia
Death was a major blow to Confederate morale.
William T. Sherman
American Civil War Union general and a major architect of modern warfare.
Led Union forces in crushing campaigns through the South, marching through Georgia and the Carolinas
Burned and looted cities from Atlanta to Savannah to the ground during his march through GA
Was ordered to kill Confederate morale
Jefferson Davis.
President of the Confederate States of America throughout its existence during the American Civil War

Images of Confederate icons Robert E. Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, and Jefferson Davis

Explain the importance of geography:

Fort Sumter

Charleston, S.Carolina – Was the battled that marked the start of the Civil War
Fort was taken with low casualties and Lincoln called on 75000 troops to take it back
Followed by the secessions of N. Carolina, Tennessee, S. Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Arkansas

Antietam

Sharpsburg, Maryland – First major battle of Civil War to occur on northern soil
Single most bloodiest day in U.S. history
23000 casualties
Union victory
Win gave Lincoln enough confidence to announce Emancipation Proclamation
Edict issued by U.S. Pres. Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, that freed the slaves of the Confederate states in rebellion against the Union
Lincoln had declared that he meant to save the Union as best he could—by preserving slavery, by destroying it, or by destroying part and preserving part.
Calling on the revolted states to return to their allegiance before the next year, otherwise their slaves would be declared free men

Vicksburg

Vicksburg, Miss. – Ulysses S. Grant cuts off Trans – Miss. Department communication lines
The North gained control of the Mississippi River, cutting off the South's supply line
Union Win

Gettysburg

Gettysburg, Pennsylvania –Battle with largest number of casualties
Major General Gordon Meade defeats Robert E. Lee and ends his invasion of the north.
46000 – 51000 casualties
The Confederacy was never able to recover from the heavy loss of troops.
Blow to Confederates both militarily and politically

The Battle for Atlanta.

Atlanta was viewed as a transportation hub with a significant number of railroad supply lines.
Union eventually cut off a main Confederate supply center and influenced the Federal presidential election of 1864.
Complicated the Confederate position near the Southern capital of Richmond, Virginia, as troops there now had to contend with Union forces to the north and south.

Economic Differences Between the Union and Confederacy

South

The cotton gin made cotton become profitable and increased the number of plantations growing cotton
Meant the greater need for a large amount of cheap labor, i.e. slaves.
In the South 40% of the population was made up of slaves

North

Economy was based more on industry than agriculture.
Northern industries were purchasing the raw cotton and turning it into finished goods.
Disparity set up a major difference in economic attitudes.

SSUSH10: Legal, political, and social dimensions of Reconstruction.

Reconstruction

In U.S. history, the period (1865–77) that followed the Civil War and during which attempts were made to redress the inequities of slavery and its political, social, and economic legacy and to solve the problems arising from the readmission to the Union of the 11 states that had seceded at or before the outbreak of war.
Experiment in “interracial democracy”.

Johnsonian Reconstruction vs Radical Republican Reconstruction

Johnsonian Reconstruction (President Andrew Johnson) / Radical Republican Reconstruction

Former Slave Owner
Pardons would be granted to those taking a loyalty oath to the Union
No pardons would be available to high Confederate officials and persons owning property valued in excess of $20,000
A state needed to abolish slavery before being readmitted
A state was required to repeal its secession ordinance before being readmitted.
Wanted to organize a new government in the south and elect representatives.
Black codes - newly freed slaves could not own firearms, could not move about freely and were forced to endure a host of personal humiliations.

Lincoln’s assassination left no chance for sympathy toward the south.
Forced the southern states to reapply for admission to the Union after meeting several qualifications
Revenge — a desire among some to punish the South for causing the war
Concern for the freedmen — some believed that the federal government had a role to play in the transition of freedmen from slavery to freedom
Political concerns — the Radicals wanted to keep the Republican Party in power in both the North and the South
Imposed a military rule over the south and passed the Civil Rights Act, which gave freedmen (former slaves) full rights. – South resented military rule because they didn’t want to be under the control of union soldiers

Land Redistribution

Congress passed a bill that granted each ex-slave was 40 acres and a mule but President Johnson vetoed the bill.
Nobody to protect enforced law
Failure of land reform allowed a new slavery system to emerge: sharecropping - In exchange for land, a cabin, and supplies, sharecroppers agreed to raise a cash crop (usually cotton) and to give half the crop to their landlord.

Education for Blacks Post – Civil War

The 1st and 2nd Morrill Land-Grant Act gave federal lands to the states for the purpose of opening colleges and universities to educate farmers, scientists, and teachers.
States using federal land-grant funds must either make their schools open to both blacks and whites or allocate money for segregated black colleges to serve as an alternative to white schools.
Sixteen exclusively black institutions received 1890 land-grant funds.

Morehouse College

Founded as Augusta Institute during Reconstruction in 1867 by William J. White and Richard C. Coulter, a former slave.
All male University founded after the Civil War as a school for the training of preachers, Morehouse has become one of the most prestigious colleges for African Americans in the nation.

The Freedmen’s Bureau.

Created in 1865 by the U.S. Congress as The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands to aid African Americans undergoing the transition from slavery to freedom in the aftermath of the Civil War
Helping establish schools and educate the newly freed men and women.
Was the first organization of its kind, a federal agency established solely for the purpose of social welfare.
Furnished rations to refugees and freed people displaced by the war
Established freedmen schools and hospitals
Supervised the development of a contract labor system
Created military tribunals to judge legal disputes.

13th Amendment – Abolished Slavery