UNIT #5 – EARLY 19TH CENTURY – Rebellions
ITALY - 1821
Guiseppe Mazzini: Young Italy
Italians in Naples rebelled against Austrian dominance in 1820
King of 2 Sicilies accepted constitution
rebellion crushed by Austrians in 1821; restored King of 2 Sicilies
SPAIN - 1823
Rebellion against autocratic king by army officers (he’d promised a constitution, but rejected it)
Crushed by France in 1823 and occupied country until 1827
SERBIA - 1830
Had been fighting a guerilla war for independence since 1804
Russia became protectors in 1820s
Won independence from Ottoman Empire in 1830
Strove to unite all Serbs in Europe (tensions with Austria)
FRANCE - 1830
King Charles X attacked in July, 1830
Charles abdicated & fled to England
Lower house (chamber of Deputies) chose: Louis Philippe (cousin of Charles)
Louis Philippe & the July Monarchy
chosen by lower house: citizen king
wore top hat and frock: looked and acted like Middle Class
well aware of national sentiment; corrupt government, upper bourgeois prospered
POLAND - 1830
rebellion in 1830
army officers and civilians
suppressed by Russia
opposition eliminated: brutal repression resulted (happened again in 1863)
BELGIUM - 1831
placed under Dutch king in 1815 by Congress of Vienna
Belgians complained: dif. lang., rel. source of wealth
1831 Belgium given independence from Netherlands
French speaking, Catholic, industrial
Netherlands: Dutch, Protestant, Traders
New king: Leopold I (uncle of Queen Victoria)
SWITZERLAND - 1847
1832: Swiss Confederation opted for greater central government
1847: Civil War (aristocracies fought federalism)
aristocrats not supported, since rest of Europe in turmoil
Switzerland became a Federal State in 1848
Universal Male suffrage; declared neutrality in all
1848-the year of MAJOR rebellions
poor harvests created unrest since 1846
(Ireland was most dramatic example, losing 1/5 its population in 10 years,
and ½ its population in 50 years; universal potato blight of 1845-1848)
farmers moved to cities, already suffering from recession, adding to unemployment
Political liberals used workers in one last try to usurp power
France - February, 1848 – Paris exploded in chaos
Disgruntled Parisian workers took to streets
The next day, the crowd grew; military was called, barricades went up
The next day, the government under Liberal Louis Philippe resigned
Liberals called for a new const; Representation incl. Albert Martin(“Albert the Worker”
Workers forced provisional government to open national workshops
New National Assembly was elected by universal male suffrage
was conservative; goal: reduce wasteful spending
number of entrants to workshops limited in June
Austria - March, 1848 – Vienna broke out in rebellion
Hungarians rejected Vienna’s leadership
Students led rebellion; army unable to quell
Metternich resigned and fled, then the Emperor fled
The government’s first act was to free the serfs (feared general rebellion)
Czechs joined rebellion against both Hungarians and Hapsburgs
Italians joined rebellion for their own independence from Austria
Austrians responded by bombarding their own capital, crushing rebellion
Russians provided troops, and rebellions were crushed
Prussia - March, 1848 – popular disturbances in Berlin
The king refused to attack rebels with his army
The king allowed for a Prussian constituent assembly to write a constitution
The king then suggested his support for a unified Germany
In May, the FRANKFURT PARLIAMENT met to write a constitution for Germany
In 1949, the parliament offered the crown to the Prussian king; he refused
France - June, 1848 – Paris again exploded in chaos
Barricades appeared again
Repression resulted
By the fall, all were looking for someone to create order; Bonaparte!
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew) ran for President
He quarreled with National Assembly (HE represented the people -?)
NA refused to change const to let him run again; he disbanded them
200 killed resisting; 10,000 exiled to Algeria
7,500,000 voted YES in plebiscite (600,000 NO)
next year: declared Emperor (Napoleon III)
Italy - November, 1848 – Italy targeted by nationalists
Nationalists first turned to King of Sardinia – defeated by Austrians
Nationalists then turned to the Pope, who was then threatened by radicals
The Pope fled, and the radicals then declared Rome a republic
The French arrived in 1849 to win Rome back for the Pope (remained until 1870
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