Name:KEYDate:World Geography – Period:

Unit 4 Test Study Guide

Multiculturalism, Diffusion, Convergence / Divergence, Culture Change

Government Types, Balance of Power, EU / UN

  1. Multiculturalism
  2. Ethnic Groups:

Ethnic groups are groups of people with common ancestry, culture, and many times, common religion and language.

  1. Homogeneous / Heterogeneous Societies:

Cultures with one dominant ethnicity; Cultures that have many ethnicities in their society

  1. Stateless Ethnicities:

Some ethnic groups are tied to a certain region, but have no country of their own

  1. Minorities / Minority Influence:

Minorities are groups that are the smallest sized ethnicities. These are any groups that are not the dominant ethnicity

Despite prejudice, discrimination, expulsion, and genocide; minorities have contributed greatly to religion, language, and other cultural ideas all over the world

  1. Ethnic Prejudice / Ethnic Discrimination:

When minorities are treated inferior; denied political power; or otherwise

Occurs when minority groups are denied civil or political rights

  1. Expulsion / Genocide:

Extreme actions against minorities; expulsion kicking out a minority and genocide is exterminating a minority

  1. Diffusion
  2. Spread of New Products:

Silk Road - Merchants from many different cultures used this route to trade goods

Columbian Exchange - The exchange of goods between the Americas and Europe

New products today - the exchange of new products is much faster and easier

  1. Spread of Ideas:

Contact between cultures can also lead to the exchange of ideas

  1. Spread of Traits (American Pop Culture)

Cultural traits from one culture can become traits to another culture through cultural diffusion

Radio

Movies

TV shows

T-shirts

Blue Jeans

Fast Food

  1. Spread of Diseases / Pandemics

A negative effect of diffusion.

Disease can spread through trade.

Ex: Bubonic Plague - devastated Europe and Asia during the Middle Ages

  1. Cultural Convergence / Divergence

When one or more cultural traits come into contact with one another

When a culture is isolated and has little or no contact with other cultural ideas, traits, or people

  1. Culture Change
  2. Roots of Change (What causes Change?)

Migration; Trade; Conflict

  1. Technological Innovations (What innovations caused change and how?)

Printing Press; Cotton Gin; Telephone; Computer; Steam Engine; Automobiles; Railroad; Air travel; GPS; GIS; Air Conditioner; Desalinization; Medicine; Combine; Tractor; Fertilizers

medicines increased life expectancy around the world; changes in the Environment; they built towns in areas otherwise would not have had populations.

  1. Types of Government
  2. What are the different types of government? List examples for each one.

Monarchy - Middle Ages Europe (Louis XIV); Ancient Roman Empire; Ancient China; England

Republic - United States; Republics of Venice and Genoa

Democracy - Ancient Athens; United States

Dictatorship - Cuba under Castro; Uganda; Zimbabwe

Totalitarian - Germany under Hitler; Soviet Union under Stalin; Iraq under Hussein; North Korea

Theocracy – Iran; Vatican City (Pope)

  1. Balance of Power

The idea that if one country becomes too strong, other countries will join together against it.; Power of the largest countries should not be too unequal

  1. What are the EU and UN? What role do they play in the world?

EU – economic alliance between 28 European countries; balance the economic power of countries like the U.S., China, Russia, etc.

UN – political alliance between many countries throughout the world; to balance the power of the world equally among the nations of the world

  1. What are the different types of government?
  2. List the important aspects and where they get their power / who controls the government.

Monarchy – hereditary ruler, given power by God through divine right; ruler controls government and makes all decisions

Republic – People govern themselves without a monarch

Democracy – Regular people hold power and make decisions

Dictatorship – Power rests with individual or small group; usually takes control of government with force

Totalitarian – Dictatorial government that controls every aspect of their citizens lives

Theocracy – Religious leaders control government

  1. What are the different types of economies?
  2. List examples of each.

Traditional – Bushmen of Kalahari Desert

Tribesmen of Algeria

Villages of South Asia

Market – United States

Command – Former Soviet Union

North Korea

Cuba

Mixed – Sweden

Israel

  1. What is scarcity?

People have unlimited wants; Not enough resources/goods available to meet everybody’s needs/wants

  1. What does an economic spectrum show?

The economic freedom of a country in relation to the type of economic system it has.

  1. What are the four (4) levels of economic activities?
  2. List examples of each.

Primary / Secondary / Tertiary / Quaternary
Growing crops / manufacturing / service / cancer researcher
Raising livestock / oil refining / teacher / scientist
Fishing / doctor / CEO of company
Logging / nurse
Mining / accountant
  1. What are the levels of development?

More developed

Newly Industrialized/emerging economies

Less developed

  1. What are some characteristics of each level of development?

More developed – low birth rate, low infant mortality, high GDP, high levels of 2nd and 3rd economic activities, high literacy

Less developed – high birth rate, high infant mortality, low GDP, mostly 1st and 2nd economic activities, low literacy rate

Newly Industrialized – transitioning from less to more

  1. Which economic activity levels are you going to find in the different levels of economic development?

Less Developed – mostly primary activities, few secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

Newly Industrialized – dominated by primary; emerging secondary and tertiary

More Developed – all four activity levels; dominated by tertiary and quaternary

  1. What are the different types of natural resources? Give examples of each

Renewable – soil, water, trees

Non-renewable – oil, copper, gold

Fossil Fuels – coal, natural gas, oil