Unit 4: Cell Reproduction
Read: Chapters 8, 11 (sections 15-18)
Videos: Bozeman - #28, Cell Division, Diploid vs Haploid, Cancer—What is it?
Bozeman Lab Videos: #3 Mitosis and Meiosis
Objectives:
1. Distinguish between the roles of asexual and sexual reproduction.
2. Explain how cell division functions in reproduction, growth, and repair.
3. Describe the structural organization of a prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome.
4. Compare and contrast the terms chromosome, chromatin, sister chromatids and centromere.
5. Explain the events of all stages of the Cell Cycle.
6. Describe the major events of eukaryotic cell division that enable the genome of one cell to be passed on to two daughter cells.
7. Describe the changes in the mitotic spindle during each phase of mitosis.
8. Be able to track the chromosome and chromatid number through all stages of the cell cycle.
9. Explain when the events of DNA replication, chromosomal alignment and separation are accomplished during the cell cycle.
10. How does mitosis differ in plant cells vs. animal cells?
11. Know the terms diploid and haploid. Describe how the chromosome number changes throughout the human life cycle.
12. Describe the process of binary fission in bacteria and explain how eukaryotic mitosis may have evolved from binary fission.
13. Describe the roles of checkpoints, cyclin, Cdks, and MPF in the cell cycle control system.
14. Describe the internal and external factors that influence the cell cycle control system.
15. How is the cell division controlled by MPF (mitosis promoting factor)? Or PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor)
16. What are cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases? How are they involved in controlling cell cycle?
17. Explain what cancer is and how it develops in an organism. Explain how the abnormal cell division of cancerous cells escapes normal cell cycle controls.
18. Distinguish between benign, malignant, and metastatic tumors.
19. Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and oncogenes. Describe three genetic changes that can convert a proto-oncogene to an oncogene.
20. Explain how mutations in tumor-suppressor genes can contribute to cancer.
21. Explain how excessive cell division can result from mutations in the ras proto-oncogene.
22. Explain why a mutation knocking out the p53 tumor suppressor gene can lead to excessive cell growth and cancer. Describe three ways that p53 prevents a cell from passing on mutations caused by DNA damage.
23. Describe the set of mutations typically associated with the development of cancer.
24. Explain how inherited cancer alleles can lead to a predisposition to certain cancers.
25. Distinguish between the following pairs of terms:
a. somatic cell and gamete
b. autosome and sex chromosome
26. Explain how haploid and diploid cells differ from each other. State which cells in the human body are diploid and which are haploid.
27. Explain why fertilization and meiosis must alternate in all sexual life cycles.
28. List the phases of meiosis I and meiosis II and describe the events characteristic of each phase.
29. Describe the process of synapsis during prophase I and explain how genetic recombination occurs.
30. Describe three events that occur during Meiosis I but not during Mitosis
31. Track the chromosome and chromatid number through all stages of meiosis.
32. How and why does meiosis occur?
33. How does meiosis increase genetic variation, thus, supporting evolution?
34. Compare the process of mitosis to the process meiosis.
35. How and when are DNA replication, chromosomal alignment, and chromosomal separation accomplished during a meiotic cell cycle?
36. Explain how independent assortment, crossing over, and random fertilization contribute to genetic variation in sexually reproducing organisms.
37. Explain how nondisjunction can lead to aneuploidy.
38. Define trisomy, triploidy, and polyploidy. Explain how these major chromosomal changes occur and describe possible consequences.
39. Distinguish among deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations.
40. Describe the type of chromosomal alterations responsible for the following human disorders: Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, extra Y, trisomy X syndrome, Turner syndrome, cri du chat syndrome, and chronic myelogenous leukemia.