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Name: ______Date: ______

Unit 1C Biochemistry Part 1

NOTES

Organic Chemistry

  • The study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.

Inorganic chemistry- the study of all other compounds

Why is carbon so special?

  • Carbon has four valence electrons, allowing it to form up to four bonds with many other elements.
  • One carbon atom can bond to another, giving it the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length.
  • These carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double or even triple covalent bonds.
  • Chains of carbon atoms can even close up on themselves to form rings.

Organic Compounds vs. Inorganic Compounds

Organic

  • Are usually defined as compounds which contain ______with ______. (May contain additional elements as well)
  • Are produced only by living things (biotic).
  • Range from simple to very complex.
  • Contain strong, ______bonds.
  • Examples: CH4, C6H12O6, SUGARS, PROTEINS, FATS, OILS, DNA

Inorganic

  • Usually defined as compounds that ______contain carbon with hydrogen. (May contain just carbon.)
  • Often can be formed in the non-living (abiotic) environment, but :
  • Can also be made by/found in living things.
  • Examples: H2O, NaCl, O2, NH3, CaCO3, CO2

Substance / Organic? / Inorganic?
1. sodium chloride (table salt): NaCl
2. glucose: C6H12O6
3. water: H2O
4. heating oil: C14H30
5. chitin (a protein): C8H12NO5
6. thymine (a nitrogenous base): C5H5N2O2
7. sulfuric acid: H2SO4
8. oxygen gas: O2
9. ethanol: C2H5OH
10. adenosine triphosphate (ATP): C10H16N5O13P3
11. carbon dioxide: CO2

Macromolecules

  • The main organic molecules of living things
  • Are ______made from ______
  • Monomers are small repeating units
  • Polymers are larger molecules made from putting the monomers together.

4major groups of macromolecules:

A.Carbohydrates

B.Lipids

C.Nucleic Acids

D.Protein

GROUP / Basic Building Blocks (Monomers) / Macromolecule (Polymer)
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

The exception: Lipids are not composed of monomers and polymers. Instead, they take different forms which we will discuss.

Carbohydrates / Lipids / Nucleic Acids / Proteins
Foods in which they are found

Building and Breaking Down Macromolecules

2 major chemical processes (metabolic reactions) occur to ______or ______organic molecules into larger or smaller units

These reactions occur to build and break all four types of macromolecule (carb, lipid, nucleic acid, and protein)

  • Dehydration synthesis
  • Hydrolysis

Dehydration Synthesis

The chemical reaction where a large molecule is ______from smaller molecules by taking away a water molecule

Hydrolysis

The chemical reaction where a large molecule is _____ into smaller molecules by adding a water molecule

  1. Carbohydrates
  • Are molecules
  • Made of the elements C, H, O in the ratio of 1:2:1
  • Main source of ______for living things

They range from small,monosaccharides (______)

  • to ______molecules such as disaccharides,
  • to large polysaccharides(______).

Monosaccharides

  • smallest unit or monomer of a carbohydrate
  • can be combined by dehydration synthesis to form larger molecules like disaccharides and polysaccharides

•Examples: Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose

•Chemical Formula: C6H12O6

Structural Isomers– same formula, but ______structures

Another monosaccharide is ribose. It is a component of RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Disaccharide- a compound made by joining ______monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis

Examples:

  1. Sucrose (table sugar)- made from a glucose combined with a fructose
  2. Lactose (milk sugar)- made from a glucose combined with a galactose

Polysaccharides- large molecules made by combining ______monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis

  • 3 main examples of polysaccharides:

Polysaccharide: / Found in: / Made of: / Used for:
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
  • Structure of Polysaccharides

All made of glucose monomers but in different arrangements:

Why do endurance athletes often consume a diet high in complex carbohydrates while training?

______

If a starch polysaccharide 100 glucose molecules long is hydrolyzed, how many water molecules are needed to break the bonds?

______

  1. Lipids
  • Are important for energy, cell structure, and waterproof coatings.
  • Generally ______ in water
  • Contain C, H, O (NOT in a 1:2:1 ratio)
  • Lipids do not have a repeating structural monomer unit. They donot technically form polymers. Different lipids have different structures.

Types of Lipids

*1)Fats-triglyceridesthat are solid at room temperature; usually from animal

sources

Examples: butter, shortening, lard

*2) Oils-triglyceridesthat are liquid at room temperature; usually from plant

sources

Examples: sunflower oil, olive oil, corn oil

3) Waxes - ear wax, beeswax, and the waxy layer on the surface of plant leaves.

4) Steroids - cholesterol; hormones such as testosterone; pigments used in animal

vision and in photosynthesis.

5) Phospholipids – important structural component of cell membranes

Triglycerides

  • Triglycerides are lipids that form when a glycerol molecule combines with 3 molecules called fatty acids.
  • The structure of the fatty acid determines the function of the triglyceride

______

Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty acids

1) A fatty acid is SATURATED if each carbon in a lipid’s fatty acid chain is bonded to another carbon atom by a ______bond (no C=C double or triple bonds)

  • tend to form molecules called saturated fats which are at room temperature.
  • contain the maximum amount of hydrogens possible.
  • unfortunately, NOT very 'heart-healthy'!

2) A fatty acid is UNSATURATED if there is at least one carbon-carbon ______bond (monounsaturated). A fatty acid is said to be POLYUNSATURATED if there are more than one carbon-carbon double bond

  • tend to form molecules called oils which are ______at room temperature.
  • contain fewer hydrogens
  • these are more "heart-healthy"!

Formation of Triglycerides

Fatty acids are attached to the glycerol molecules by dehydration synthesis.

  • This occurs at the carboxyl end of each fatty acid
  • The carboxyl group can be written as COOH or -COOH. The carboxyl group contains a carbonyl (C=O) group and a hydroxyl (–OH) group.

______

______

How many water molecules are removed in the formation of 1 triglyceride?

______

Why do you think saturated fats are solid and unsaturated fats are liquids? Think about the structure/layout of each.

______

Melting point is the temperature at which a substance melts.

Which one of the fatty acids in the table is saturated?

______

Which is monounsaturated?

______

Which are polyunsaturated?

______

How does the number of double bonds affect the melting point?

______

  1. Nucleic Acids
  • Nucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary, or ______, information (EXAMPLES: DNA and RNA)
  • Contain C, H, O, N, P.
  • Made of monomers called ______
  • Many nucleotides come together by dehydration synthesis to form the nucleic acid polymers (DNA or RNA)

Three parts to a nucleotide

  • Nitrogenous base
  • 5-carbon sugar
  • Phosphate group

Exception:

A special nucleotide called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores & releases energy.

ATP molecules are nucleotides but do not come together to make polymers.

Notice 3 phosphate groups instead of one in the ATP nucleotide

DNA and RNA

DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid

  • Nucleic acid that stores genetic information
  • Holds the codes (genes) for proteins
  • Contains the 5-carbon sugar ______

RNA- Ribonucleic acid

  • The helper molecule for DNA in the making of proteins
  • Contains the 5-carbon sugar ______

How many nucleotides are in the nucleic acid above?

______

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

______→ ______→ ______→ ______

Summary/Additional Notes: