2011-2012
3rd Six Weeks Exam Study Guide
Use the diagram above to answer questions 1-4:
1. What process does this diagram represent? Protein synthesis
2. Which number represents transcription? Part 2
3. Which number represents translation? Part 3
4. What is being made in part 4? Ribosomes
5. What are proteins made of? Amino Acids
6. Circle the correct answer:
Translation takes place in the nucleus / ribosome ?
7. Describe translation. Translating mRNA codons to amino acids
8. In protein synthesis, what happens after the DNA unwinds and unzips? mRNA bases pair with complementary DNA bases to make mRNA strand
9. How many bases make up a codon? How many bases does a nucleotide contain?
10. Below is an insertion mutation. How many amino acids would be added to this sequence as a result of this mutation?
Original strand AUG GGG UGA
Mutated strand AUG CCC CUG GGG UGA
11. What type of mutation is occurring in the chromosome below? If the chromosome below was inherited by an offspring, how significant would the mutation be?
12. Sickle cell anemia is a recessive disorder. If two heterozygous parents for the sickle cell anemia gene have a child together, what is the probability of the child being heterozygous for this trait?
13. In fruit flies, the gene for eye color is carried on the X chromosome which is a sex chromosome (sex-linked). The allele for red eyes is dominant over the allele for white eyes. If a white-eyed (XrXr) female fruit fly is mated with a red-eyed (XRY) male, predict the possible offspring. How many of the female offspring will be born with white eyes?
14. In humans, hemophilia is a sex linked recessive trait. Females can be normal, carriers, or have the disease. Males will either have the disease or not (but they won’t ever be carriers).
XHXH female, normal XHY male, normal
XHXh female, carrier XhY male, hemophiliac
XhXh female, hemophiliac
If a female is a carrier and the male does not have the disorder, what is the probability that their children will have the disease?
15. What types of cells are produced by meiosis? Gametes
16. What are gametes & what is their function? Sex cells (sperm & egg cells) – Reproduction
17. Circle the correct answer:
Gametes are diploid / haploid cells.
18. How many chromosomes do you get from each parent? 23
19. Why do polygenic traits such as eye color and hair color produce many variations?
20. Look at the picture to the right. Explain what happened in layer E.
21. What is natural selection? Give an example.
22. Circle the correct answer:
Populations / individuals evolve.
23. The fossils to the right demonstrate the evolution of the horse. The first one is from the modern horse. Which do you think is the oldest fossil?
24. Why did the birds below develop different shaped beaks?
25. The formation of a river divides a species of frogs into two groups. How will this affect the frogs?
26. Whichstatementdoesnotaccuratelydescribe naturalselection?
A. Individualorganismschangetheirgenesto adapt to their environment.
B. Thegeneticcompositionofapopulation changesfromonegenerationtothenext.
C. Moreadvantageous traits become more commoninpopulations.
D. Beneficialandusefultraitsareinheritable.
27. Incats,thebonesinthelegsinvolvedin walkingareverysimilartothebonesin whales’flippersthatareinvolvedin swimming.Althoughtheyhavedifferent functions,thesebones,calledhomologous structures,leadustothetheorythatcatsand whales:
A. livedinthesametimeperiod
B. have acommonancestor
C. arebothgreatswimmers
D. haveanalogousstructurestobeginwith
28. Birds and reptiles have many similar structures. What is the best explanation for this?
29. Using fossils scientists can determine what about living organisms?
30. What do scientists mostly use to make models of extinct organisms?