SPPA 2050
Speech Anatomy and Physiology
Tasko
Unit 1: Introduction to Speech Anatomy and Physiology
Learning Objectives
· Define anatomy and physiology and differentiate between the two disciplines.
· Describe the different specializations within anatomy and physiology with examples.
· Describe why it is helpful to study anatomy and physiology together.
· Explain why it is important to have a coordinate system for purposes of anatomical description.
· Compare and contrast spherical (or polar) and Cartesian coordinate systems.
· Recognize the standard anatomical position of the body.
· Identify the three anatomical planes used to “slice” the body.
· Recognize and use the range of terms for discussing anatomical relations within the body.
· Describe the various levels of organization starting with atoms/molecules and ending with the organism.
· Describe and differentiate the different types of tissue that comprise the human body.
· Outline the various bodily systems with special emphasis on those systems relevant for communication.
· Briefly describe the role of the circulatory system and its major functions.
· Define artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, and vein.
· Differentiate between the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.
· Describe how blood makes it full circulation through the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
· Recognize the other collateral circuits (portal – GI circuit and renal circuits).
· Describe the major cell types that make up the nervous system.
· Describe the major types of glial cells and outline the main function of glia.
· Draw and label a prototypical neuron.
· Recognize the wide range of morphology of neurons.
· Describe organizational framework for the nervous system.
· Define the following terms as they apply to the nervous system: ganglia, nuclei, nerves, plexus, afferent neurons, efferent neurons, interneurons, sensory nerves, motor nerves and mixed nerves
· Differentiate between the somatic and autonomic nervous system and between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
· Describe the different types of sensory neurons present in the human body.
· Define a motor neuron and how it differs from other neurons.
· Differentiate between spinal and cranial nerves.
· Be able to use the naming conventions for the spinal nerves.
· Be able to list the cranial nerves by name and number.
· Describe, in general, which cranial nerves are relevant for speech and hearing.
· Provide a general description of the function of the muscular system.
· Generally differentiate striated, smooth and cardiac muscle.
· Provide an overview of the gross structure of a muscle.
· Identify and define the following terms as they relate to the muscular system: muscle belly, tendon, origin, insertion, line of action.
· Define the follow terms as they apply to muscle function: contraction, isometric contraction, anisometric contraction, agonist, antagonist, synergist
· Be able to draw and describe the basic structure of muscle including the levels of organization (sarcomere, myofibril, muscle fiber, fascicle, belly) and the fascia the at covers them (epimysium, perimysium, endomysium).
· Draw and describe the sarcomere including all key features.
· With specific reference to the sarcomere, provide an overview of the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.
· Describe how the ratchet motion of cross-bridges allows for anisometric contraction.
· Describe the length-tension relationship of muscle contraction and explain it in terms of how contraction occurs at the level of the sarcomere.
· Draw and label the length-tension curve.
· Describe the components of the motor unit and why it is the considered the smallest functional unit of muscle contraction.
· Describe how innervation ratio (motor unit size) influences muscle function.
· Differentiate between fast and slow twitch muscle fibers how twitch characteristics influence muscle function.
· Describe how motor unit firing rate and motor unit recruitment can each be used to grade muscle force.