Ultrastructure of Cells Study Guide
1.2.1 Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization
Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of Escherichia coli (E. coli) as an example of a prokaryote.
Draw a diagram of an E. coli cell. Label the cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, pili, flagella, ribosomes, mesosome, and nucleoid (region containing naked DNA)
Describe the function of each of the organelles below.
- Cell wall:
- Cell membrane (plasma membrane):
- Cytoplasm:
- Pili:
- Flagella:
- Ribosomes:
- Mesosome:
- Nucleoid region:
Describe the arrangement of prokaryotic DNA
Explain what “naked DNA” means
Describe the structure and function of plasmid DNA
S1.2.1 Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs.
Explain why the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells must be based on electron micrographs.
Label the cell wall, cell membrane, nucleoid region, and cytoplasm in the diagram below:
A1.2.1 Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission.
Explain the 4 steps of binary fission using diagrams.
6.3.7 Antibiotics block processes that occur in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells.
Outline the mechanisms by which antibiotics kill bacteria
A6.3.2 Florey and Chain’s experiments to test penicillin on mice
Discuss Florey and Chain’s experiment methodology.
6.3.8 Viruses lack a metabolism and cannot therefore be treated with antibiotics. Some strains of bacteria have evolved with genes that confer resistance to antibiotics and some strains of bacteria have multiple resistance.
Explain why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses.
1.2.2 Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure.
List 4 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
List 2 similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
A1.2.2 Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf.
Draw a diagram of an animal cell. Label the cell membrane, free ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), smooth ER, lysosome, Golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
Describe the function of each of the organelles below.
- Cell membrane:
- Free ribosome:
- Rough Endoplasmic reticulum:
- Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum:
- Lysosome:
- Golgi Apparatus:
- Mitochondrion:
- Cytoplasm:
- Nucleus:
Outline two roles of extracellular components.
Outline the role of the cell wall in plant cells and/or prokaryotic cells.
Outline the role of the extracellular matrix in animal cells.
S1.2.2 Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic ells based on electron micrographs.
Label the organelles you can identify on the following micrographs.
1Monkey Pancreas
2Plant Palisade Cell
S1.2.3 Interpretations of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the functions of specialized cells.
Explain why cells with different functions will have different structures.
Determine the function of the following cells based on the structures visible within their micrographs:
1.4.2The fluidity of the membranes allows materials to be taken unto cells by endocystosis or released by exocystosis. Vesicles move materials within cells.
List two reasons for vesicle movement.
Using a diagram, explain how vesicles are used to transport proteins between the rough ER, Golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane.
1.5.3 The origin of eukaryotic cells can be explained by the endosymbiotic theory.
State the endosymbiosis theory.
Explain the mechanism of endocytosis using a diagram as it applies to endosymbiosis
Outline the major events in the origin of eukaryotic cells.
Describe the evidence for the endosymbiotic theory