ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF CAMBODIA

Nation Religion King



ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

Ketsana Emergency Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project (KERRP)

Project Management Office

Ministry of Rural Development

Phnom Penh, Cambodia

18 November 2010

KETSANA EMERGENCY RECONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION PROJECT (KERRP):

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (EMF)

Table of Contents

Contents / Page
Acronyms and Abbreviations …………………………………………………………………………………... / 3
1. / Introduction and Background…………………………………………………………………………….. / 4
2. / Project Description…………………………………………………………………………………………. / 4
2.1 / Proposed Intervention………………………………………………………………………………. / 4
2.2 / Scope of the Project / 5
2.2.1 / Geographic Scope…………………………………………………………………………………. / 5
2.2.2 / Project Provinces / 7
2.3 / Environment ………………………………………………………………………………………… / 8
2.3.1 / Environmental Setting and Protected Areas……………………………………………………… / 8
2.3.2 / Environmental Conditions…………………………………………………………………………. / 9
2.4 / Issues and Problems……………………………………………………………………………….. / 12
2.4.1 / Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement …………………………………………………. / 12
2.4.2 / Rights of Way……………………………………………………………………………………….. / 13
2.4.3 / Indigenous People …………………………………………………………………………………. / 13
3. / Environmental Management Framework……………………………………………………………….. / 14
3.1 / Justification for the Use of Environmental Management Framework (EMF)…………………. / 14
3.2 / Purpose and Functions of the EMF……………………………………………………………… / 14
4. / Applicable Legal and Policy Requirements…………………………………………………………….. / 15
4.1 / Cambodian Environmental Legislation…………………………………………….……………… / 15
4.2 / World Bank Safeguard Policies……………………………………………………………………. / 16
5. / Process Framework………………………………………………………………………………………… / 17
5.1 / Screening Process……………………………………………………………………………….. / 17
5.2 / Environmental Impact Assessment…………………………………………………………… / 19
5.3 / Summary of Likely Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures…………………………….. / 20
5.4 / Overview of Process Steps…………………………………………………………………….. / 24
5.5 / Public Involvement and Disclosure …………………………………………………………….. / 24
5.6 / Mitigation of Impacts ……………………………………………………………………………. / 24
6 / Environmental Monitoring Plan……………………………………………………………………….. / 26
7 / EMP Implementation…………………………………………………………………………………….. / 26
7.1 / Codes of Practice …………………………………………………………………………………
7.2 / Monitoring Plans………………………………………………………………………………….. / 27
7.3 / Proposed Institutional Arrangements……………………………………………………………. / 28
7.4 / Capacity Building………………………………………………………………………………….. / 28
7.5 / Modification of the EMF and EMP……………………………………………………………….. / 28
8 / Conclusions and Recommendations……………………………………………………………………. / 28
ANNEXES
Annex A / Glossary of Terms
Annex B / Table of Project Road Sections by Province
Annex C / Maps of Proposed Road Sections by Province
Annex D / Negative List (“Watchlist”)
Annex E / Detailed Screening Checklist
Annex F / Summary of Works Activities, Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Annex G / MRD General Specifications, Section 1
Annex H / RG Cambodia Sub-Decrees on Environmental Impact Assessment Process

Abbreviations and Acronyms

asl / above sea level
BOQ / Bill of Quantities
DGTA / Directorate General, Technical Assistance (in MRD)
DoE / Department of Environment (Provincial level department of MOE)
DR / Department of Resettlement (within Ministry of Finance)
E(I)A / Environmental (Impact) Assessment
ES / Environmental Specialist
EMF / Environmental Management Framework
EMP / Environmental Management Plan
IP / Indigenous People
KERRP / Ketsana Emergency Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Project
MEF / Ministry of Economy and Finance
MOE / Ministry of Environment
MRD / Ministry of Rural Development
NCDM / National Committee for Disaster Management
NR / National Road
PDNA / Post Disaster Needs Assessment
PDRD / Provincial Department of Rural Development
PE / Project Engineer
PIP / Project Implementation Plan
PIU / Provincial Implementation Unit
PMO / Project Management Office
PRDC / Provincial Rural Development Committee
RAP / Resettlement Action Plan
RGC / Royal Government of Cambodia
RPF / Resettlement Policy Framework
SA / Social Assessment
SBST / Single Bituminous Surface Treatment
TA / Technical Assistance
WB / World Bank

1.Introduction and Background

The Typhoon Ketsana Emergency Rehabilitation Project (KERRP) is a four-year project designed to rehabilitate and maintain a number of selected rural roads affected by the typhoon since October 2009, and provide water, sanitation and dust control program for villages along their targeted alignments in six provinces around Tonle Sap in the Kingdom of Cambodia, namely, the provinces of Siem Reap, Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Cham and Kampong Thom. The project area and roads selected for rehabilitation in the KERRP 4-year program are shown on Exhibit I (Fig.1 to 6).

The objectives of the project are to restore the service level of infrastructure in a sustainable manner through reconstruction and rehabilitation of damaged infrastructure and the provision of basic water and sanitation services to the affected people in the project areas. This objective will be achieved through the reconstruction and rehabilitation of rural roads, construction of water and sanitation facilities for households in selected villages along rural roads in the selected provinces, and institutional strengthening and capacity-building. The long-range goal of this project is poverty alleviation and dust control. The type and magnitude of planned works varies by road section. Works include upgrading and sealing existing dusty roads covering all villages along the roads, rehabilitation and repairing embankments damaged by the typhoon Ketsana, new addition or replacement of damaged or under-strength bridges and culverts, periodic and routine maintenance. The water, sanitation, and dust control program will be designed to provide for local villages and markets which are highly affected due to disaster.

This Environmental Management Framework (EMF) has been prepared to ensure (i) that the project will be environmentally sound and sustainable, (ii) that environmental consequences of the project are understood, and (iii)that necessary procedures and instrumentsare identified and applied to prevent, minimize or mitigate adverse effects during the design, implementation and operation of the project.

The EMF is based upon (i) the review of available documents, (ii) field inspections of the environmental characteristics (including social and cultural characteristics) of areas around and through which the roads pass, (iii) inspections of the road sections proposed to be rehabilitated, and (iv) consideration of the construction methods and quantities that would be involved; the provision of clean water via either open well or pump well, and latrines for households in the project areas was also considered and reviewed as part of the EMF preparation.

2.Project Description

Proposed Intervention

Project intervention and activities will focus on the most affected areas in terms of population and economic and production activities in rural areas where people’s livelihood depends on access to markets e.g. through rural roads and their quality of daily life relies on the access to water and proper sanitation. Evidence also suggests the need for capacity building as integral part of all elements of the project. This need is identified at the following levels (a) contractors, (b) villages and individual households, and (c) for national disaster management.

Component No. 2 of the Project will (i) rehabilitate and reconstruct, as well as improve, parts of existing but damaged rural roads that pass through the main villages, and (ii) maintain existing rural roads in the six project provinces. It will also finance water supply and sanitation for families who are living in main villages along the damaged rural road sections in these provinces. Rural road improvements and provision of water and sanitation will improve the affected communities’ living conditions which ultimately can improve their livelihood.

The following are the project components:

Component 1: Support for emergency response (US$5 million, to be implemented by the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF). This component will provide retroactive financing for specific eligible expenditures made for disaster relief. Retroactive financing would cover eligible expenditures, subject to review, that are determined to be acceptable to the Bank for: (i) any rehabilitation and reconstruction works the RGC will need after Typhoon Ketsana and before the KERRP is signed; and (ii) funds needed to mobilize technical expertise to conduct road surveys and mobilize a managing consultant for project preparation and initial implementation.

Component 2: Rural road rehabilitation and reconstruction in six selected provinces and provision of community-level water supply and sanitation facilities (US$25.1 million, to be implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD). The component will comprise the following:

a.Rural Road Rehabilitation and Improvement: This will include rehabilitation of gravel surfaced roads that are partially damaged (230 km) and those that are totally damaged (80 km), principally to gravel standards. Selective sections may be surfaced depending on materials availability and cost optimization. Reconstruction of three bridges, major culverts and drainage facilities will be included. In addition, three years of maintenance for some 920 km of unimproved rural roads that were affected by the typhoon will be supported.

b.Dust control: Dust will be controlled through single seal surface treatment (SST) of about 2 km of roads for each village requiring treatment (up to a total of 550 km).

c.Water and Sanitation Activities: Initial surveys identified 274 villages (with approximately 150 households per village based on 2008 national census). It is estimated that about 60% of households will need water supply and 75% will need sanitation. Activities under this subcomponent will include:

i.Community water supply: This will comprise approximately 1,400 community-based wells with hand pump at the village level (assuming 15 households per pump) ; and

ii.Family-based latrine sanitation: This will provide one pour-flush latrine per household, for a total of 32,000 units. Simple, prefabricated units are available from local suppliers. Households will be responsible for providing the necessary superstructure.

Component 3: Project implementation support (US$4 million, to be implemented by the MRD). Given the output-based approach to be used in implementing the activities under Component 2, there is a need for integrated management capacity. The proposed approach is to provide implementation support through an experienced international consulting firm as Managing Consultant. This Managing Consultant will have overall responsibility for: (i) detailed surveys engineering designs and suitable contract terms; (ii) construction supervision; (iii) monitoring and verification of outputs; (iv) capacity building of local contractors; (v) strengthening MRD#s financial management and reporting; (vi) support to MRD in project management; and (vii) outreach and dissemination related to the water and sanitation subcomponent. The cost of these activities will comprise of the Managing Consultant's cost (US$3 million) and project incremental operating costs (US$1 million). If additional funding is required for incremental costs, those costs will be borne by RGC through counterpart funding.

Component 4: Institutional strengthening and capacity building (US$3 million, to be implemented by the National Committee for Disaster Management (NCDM). This component will support the NCDM through developing: (i) national and provincial risk maps; (ii) emergency management information and an early warning system; and (iii) housing and building codes.

2.2Scope of the Project

2.2.1Geographic Scope

The KERRP is designed to rehabilitate 920.0 km of existing rural roads along their present alignments in which 80.0 km are fully damaged through some part of the embankment having been washed away during the flood-; they will be maintained or rehabilitated, and road sections passing through villages or markets areas are proposed to be sealed with a Single Bituminous Surface Treatment (SBST) for dust control purposes as necessary. Also included in the project is the construction or replacement of bridges and culverts as required to ensure all-season road access based on the actual hydrology re-survey of the roads in the KERRP area. For an estimated 274 villages, - water and sanitation would be provided through one unit of pump well for each group of 15-households, and one latrine without superstructure, and septic tank for each household.

Existing bridges and culverts along several road sections should be better maintained and where they suffer high flooding additional or larger bridges or culverts are needed. Many other road sections have pipe culverts and box culverts that are deteriorated, are inadequate in size, or are lacking altogether. Villages along the affected road sections will be provided with SBST to minimize dust generation. Also, one unit of pump well per group of 15 household as well as one unit of latrine including septic tank without superstructure will be provided.

Project roads, to be rehabilitated within their present alignments, will be 4.5-6m wide with shoulders of 30cm - 50cm, constructed on earth/laterite embankments sufficiently high (in most cases about 30-50cm higher than the present grade) to clear the 10-year flood level. SBST treatment will be used to seal the laterite road surfacing after acceptable grading and compaction through all villages along project roads.

See Annexes B and C fortables and maps of Project Areas proposed for the Road Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Project. For most road sections, embankment construction material will be obtained from borrow pits alongside the existing roads; these will be finished after materials extraction as wide ditches to drain the completed road or as ponds to retain water for local use and aquaculture.

2.2.2Project Provinces

The PDNA originally identified 15 affected provinces. Six priority provinces were selected within this area by the RGC; the chosen provinces for the World Bank intervention are: Siem Reap, Kampong Cham, Banteay Meanchey, Kampong Thom, Battambang, and Kampong Chhnang:

  • Siem Reap: Siem Reap is located in Northwest Cambodia. It borders Oddar Meanchey to the North, Preah Vihear and Kapong Thom to the East,the Tonle Sap lake to the South and Banteay Meanchey to the West. The area of the province is 10,299 square kilometers. The topography of the province is variable from the Tonle Sap floodplains along the Southern border through a belt of lowland paddy fields to lowland/ upland mosaic upland forested areas to the north. Siem Reap is classified as a rural province. The World Heritage Site of Angkor Wat is located in this province.(
  • Kampong Cham: Kampong Cham is located Southeast of the country. It borders Kratie and Kampong Thom to the North, Vietnam to the East, Prey Veng and Kandal to the South and Kampong Chhnang to the West. The area of the province is 9,799 square kilometers. The topography of this province is highly variable. Kampong Cham is bisected by the Mekong River. East of the Mekong the northern areas consist of upland areas including forest, rubber plantations and agricultural areas. The southern areas of Eastern Kampong Cham consist of lowland paddy fields and areas of lowland/ upland mosaic. Around the Mekong River are the river flood plains. In Western Kampong Cham there are large areas of lowland paddy fields to the Southeast. To the North of Western Kampong Cham, the topography is of lowland/ upland mosaic and uplands including forest, rubber plantations and agricultural areas. Kampong Cham is classified as a rural province.
  • Banteay Meanchey: Banteay Meanchey is located in the nowthwest corner of Cambodia bordering Thailand to the north and west, Oddar Meanchey and Siem Reap provinces to the East and Battambang to the South. The area of the province is 6,677 square kilometers.The topography of the province is variable from lowland plains of paddy fields in the southeast to a mosaic of lowands and upland forested areas in the north and west. Banteay Meanchey is classified as a rural province.

(

  • Kampong Thom: Kampong Thom is located in the geographical center of Cambodia. It borders Preah Vihear to the North, Kratie to the East, Kampong Cham and Kampong Chnnang to the South and the Tonle Sap lake and Pursat to the West. The area of the province is 15,060 square kilometers. The topography is of the province is variable, from the Tonle Sap floodplains in the Southwest through lowland paddy fields, to lowland/ upland mosaic and upland forested areas in the Northeast. Kampong Thom is classified as a rural province.

(

  • Battambang: Battambang is located to in the northwest. It borders to the Banteay Meanchey to the north, The Tonle Sap lake to the East, Pursat to the South and Pailin and Thailand to the West. The area of the province is 11,622 square kilometers. The topography is variable from the Tonle Sap floodplains in the East through a broad belt of lowland paddy fields in the center to lowland/ upland mosaic and upland forested areas to the West. Battambang is classified as a rural province.

(

  • Kampong Chhnang: Kampong Chhnang is located near the geographical center of Cambodia. It borders Kampong Thom andthe Tonle Sap lake to the North, Kampong Cham and Kandal to the East, Kampong Speu to the South and Pursat to the West. The area of the province is 5521 square kilometers. The topography is variable from east to west, from the Tonle Sapfloodplains through lowland paddy fields to lowland/ upland mosaic and upland forested areas in the west. Kampong Chhnang is classified as a rural province.

2.3Environment

2.3.1Environmental Setting and Protected Areas

The climate in the area of impact is dry monsoon with a 7-8 month dry period. The wet season, from about July through October brings extensive flooding.

The entire project area is part of a large shallow basin extending from the hill land near Thailand border to the Mekong River and Tonle Sap Lake. With the exceptions of riverbanks and slightly incised rivers, the KERRP area is essentially flat land sloping gently towards Tonle Sap Lake. There are many areas of sandy soil, particularly in the north. In these zones, the soil has low water and soil nutrient retention capacity, consequently, land productivity is limited and the population density is very low. In areas of loam soil, productivity and population density is relatively high but these areas are confined to lenses of loam in shallow basins and in areas near Tonle Sap lake.

There are no national parks and no wildlife sanctuaries in any of the areas proposed for road improvements.

No undisturbed forest remains in the area served by KERRP roads. It was under Khmer Rouge control until 1997 and has been logged of valuable trees over the past two decades.

2.3.2Environmental Conditions

2.3.2.1Topography

The rural roads to be rehabilitated are situated in alarge area of alluvium, specifically the roads that are close to Siem Reap.The alluvium forms part of the Cambodian Central Plain that surrounds the Tonle Sap and encompasses the lower Mekong River system in Cambodia, which extends through to the Vietnam coast. The plain is featureless apart from a few scattered outcrops of Jurassic Sandstone that occur as small hills that rise steeply to about 100 m asl above the plain. These hills occur at Phum Liep, Sisophon and Phnom Thom and are the only sources of rock in the area. Elsewhere, several small low north-south tending ridges that typically rise 3 to 5 m above the plain occur and are sought after as urban sites so as to be above the flood level. These are typified by the settlements at Krahlanh and Preah Netr Preah. From the Tonle Sap the plain rises imperceptibly at a gradient of about 0.03 percent for most of the way to north of Samrong where it encounters the lower slopes of the Dangrek escarpment that forms the boundary between Cambodia and Thailand. The range rises to heights of 800m asl. The plain is drained by four medium sized watercourses that descend from the Dangrek escarpment towards the Tonle Sap. Once these encounter the plain they develop a pronounced meander all the way to the Tonle Sap. A secondary drainage system originates on the floodplain that collects localized runoff and then directs this to the main watercourses. Ultimately all runoff enters the Tonle Sap via the Stueng Sangkae at the northwestern end of the lake. Much of the area’s drainage has been affected by a series of levees and drains that have been intentionally constructed in an effort to redirect the water so as to improve drainage. During the wet season when the Tonle Sap rises the area on both sides of the road and parts of the road in low-lying areas are extensively flooded. The annual flood limit of the Tonle Sap is established at about 10.0 m asl. Inundation at this level may last for about 20 days.