TSE Overview Lesson Citations

TSE Overview Lesson Citations

Barron, R. M., S. Campbell, D. King, A. Bellon, K.E. Chapman, R.A. Williamson, and J.C. Manson. "High Titres of TSE Infectivity Associated with Extremely Low Levels of PrPSc In Vivo." Journal of Biological Chemistry 282 (2007): 35878-35886.

Bolton, D.C., and P.E. Bendheim. "A Modified Host Protein Model of Scrapie." Ciba Foundation Symposium 135 (1988): 164-181.

Bolton, D.C., M.P. McKinley, and S.P. Prusiner. "Identification of a Protein that Purifies with the Scrapie Prion." Science 218 (1982): 1309-1311.

Czub, M., H.R. Braig, and H. Diringer. "Replication of Scrapie Agent in Hamsters Infected Intracerebrally Confirms the Pathogenesis of an Amyloid-inducing Virosis." Journal of General Virology 69 (1988): 1753-1756.

Dickinson, A.G., and G.W. Outram. "The Scrapie Replication-site Hypothesis and its Implication for Pathogenesis." In Slow Transmissible Diseases of the Nervous System, edited by Stanley B. Prusiner and William J. Hadlow. Academic Press, New York, 1979, 2: 13-32.

Jeffrey, M., L González, A Espenes, CMcL Press, S Martin, M Chaplin, L Davis, T Landsverk, C MacAldowie, S Eaton, G McGovern. "Transportation of Prion Protein Across the Intestinal Mucosa of Scrapie-susceptible and Scrapie-resistant Sheep." The Journal of Pathology 209 (2006): 4–14.

Kimberlin, R.H. "Scrapie Agent: Prions or Virinos?" Nature 297 (1982): 107-108.

Manuelidis, L., G. Murdoch, and E.E. Manuelidis. "Potential Involvement of Retroviral Elements in Human Dementias." Ciba Foundation Symposium 135 (1988): 117-129.

Manuelidis, Laura, Zhoa-Xue Yu, Nuria Barquero, and Brian Mullins. "Cells Infected with Scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Agents Produce Intracellular 25-nm Virus-like Particles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Scientists of the United States of America 104 (2007): 1965-1970.

Miller, J. M., A.L. Jenny, W.D. Taylor, R.F. Marsh, R. Rubenstein, and R.E. Race. "Immunohistochemical Detection of Prion Protein in Sheep with Scrapie." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigations 5 (1993): 309-316.

Nazor, Karah E, Franziska Kuhn, Tanya Seward, Mike Green, Daniel Zwald, Mario Pürro, Jaqueline Schmid, Karin Biffiger, Aisling M Power, Bruno Oesch, Alex J Raeber, and Glenn C Telling. "Immunodetection of Disease-associated Mutant PrP, Which Accelerates Disease in GSS Transgenic Mice." The EMBO Journal 24 (2005): 2472–2480.

Prusiner, S.B. "Novel Proteinaceous Infectious Particles Cause Scrapie." Science 216 (1982): 135-144.

Race, Richard, Anne Raines, Gregory J. Raymond, Byron Caughey, and Bruce Chesebro. "Long-term Subclinical Carrier State Precedes Scrapie Replication and Adaptation in a Resistant Species: Analogies to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Humans." Journal of Virology 75 (2001): 10106-10112.

Race, Richard, Kimberly Meade-White, Anne Raines, Gregory J. Raymond, Byron Caughey, and Bruce Chesebro. "Subclinical Scrapie Infection in a Resistant Species: Persistence, Replication, and Adaptation of Infectivity during Four Passages." Journal of Infectious Diseases 186 Suppl 2 (2002): S166-70.

Rohwer, R.G. "Scrapie Infectious Agent is Virus-like in Size and Susceptibility to Inactivation." Nature 308 (1984): 658-662.

Rohwer, R. G. "Virus Like Sensitivity of the Scrapie Agent to Heat Inactivation." Science 223 ( 1984): 600-602.

Taylor, D.M. "Inactivation of Transmissible Degenerative Encephalopathy Agents: A Review." The Veterinary Journal 159 (2000):10-17.

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BSE Overview Lesson Citations

Bellworthy S.J., G. Dexter, M. Stack, M. Chaplin, S.A. Hawkins, M.M. Simmons, M. Jeffrey, S. Martin, L. Gonzalez, P. Hill. "Natural Transmission of BSE Between Sheep within an Experimental Flock." The Veterinary Record 157 (2005): 206.

Bellworthy S.J., S.A. Hawkins, R.B. Green, I. Blamire, G. Dexter, I. Dexter, R. Lockey, M. Jeffrey, S. Ryder, Baker C. Berthelin, M.M. Simmons. "Tissue Distribution of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Infectivity in Romney Sheep up to the Onset of Clinical Disease after Oral Challenge." The Veterinary Record 156 (2005): 197-202.

Biacabe A.G., J.L. Laplanche, S. Ryder, T. Baron. "Distinct Molecular Phenotypes in Bovine Prion Diseases." EMBO Reports 5 (2004): 110–114.

Brown, Paul, Robert G. Will, Raymond Bradley, David M. Asher, and Laura Detwiler. "Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: Background, Evolution, and Current Concerns" Emerging Infectious Diseases 7 (2001): 6-16.

Brown, P., L.M. McShane, G. Zanusso, and L.A. Detwiler. "On the Question of Sporadic or Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease." Emerging Infectious Diseases 12 (2006): 1816-1821.

Bruce, M.E., H. Fraser, P.A. McBride, J.R. Scott and A.G. Dickinson. "The basis of strain variation in scrapie." In Prion Diseases of Humans and Animals, edited by S. B. Prusiner, J. Collinge, J. Powell and B. Anderson. Ellis Horwood, Chichester. 1992, 497-508.

Bruce, M.E., R.G. Will, J.W. Ironside, I. McConnell, D. Dummond, A. Suttie, L. McCardle, A chree, J. Hope, C. Birkett, S. Cousens, H. Fraser, and C.J. Bostock. "Transmissions to Mice Indicate that ‘New Variant’ CJD is Caused by the BSE Agent." Nature 389 (1997): 498-501.

Buschmann, Anne, Martin H. Groschup. "Highly Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy–Sensitive Transgenic Mice Confirm the Essential Restriction of Infectivity to the Nervous System in Clinically Diseased Cattle." The Journal of Infectious Diseases192 (2005): 934-42.

Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) Web site: (updated August 15, 2008; accessed on September 19, 2008)

Casalone, Cristina, Gianluigi Zanusso, Pierluigi Acutis, Sergio Ferrari, Lorenzo Capucci, Fabrizio Tagliavini, Salvatore Monaco, and Maria Caramelli. "Identification of a Second Bovine Amyloidotic Spongiform Encephalopathy: Molecular Similarities with Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101 (2004): 3065–3070.

Colchester, Alan C.F., and Nancy T.H. Colchester. "The Origin of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: The Human Prion Disease Hypothesis." The Lancet 366 (2005): 856-861.

Cutlip, R.C., J.M. Miller, R.E. Race, A.L. Jenny, J.B. Katz, H.D. Lehmkuhl, B.M. DeBey, and M.M. Robinson. "Intracerebral Transmission of Scrapie to Cattle." The Journal of Infectious Diseases 169 (1994):814–820.

Cutlip R.C., J.M. Miller, A.N. Hamir, J. Peters, M.M. Robinson, A.L. Jenny, H.D. Lehmkuhl, W.D. Taylor, and F.D. Bisplinghoff. "Resistance of Cattle to Scrapie by the Oral Route." Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 65 (2001): 131–132.

Dawson, M., Wells, G.A.H., Parker, B.N.J., and Scott, A. C. "Primary Parenteral Transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy to the Pig." The Veterinary Record 127 (1990):362.

Eloit M., K. Adjou, M. Coulpier, J.J. Fontaine, R. Hamel, T. Lilin, S. Messiaen, O. Andreoletti, T. Baron, A. Bencsik, A.G. Biacabe, V. Beringue, H. Laude, A. Le Dur, J.L. Vilotte, E. Comoy, J.P. Deslys, J. Grassi, S. Simon, F. Lantier, P. Sarradin. "BSE Agent Signatures in a Goat." The Veterinary Record 156 (2005): 523-524

Espinosa, Juan Carlos, Mónica Morales, Joaquín Castilla, Mark Rogers, and Juan María Torres. "Progression of Prion Infectivity in Asymptomatic Cattle after Oral Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Challenge." Journal of General Virology 88 (2007): 1379-1383.

Foster, J.D., M. Bruce, I. McConnell, A. Chee, and H. Fraser. "Detection of BSE Infectivity in Brain and Spleen of Experimentally Infected Sheep." The Veterinary Record 133 (1996): 546-548.

Foster J.D., J. Hope, and H. Fraser. "Transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy to Sheep and Goats." The Veterinary Record 133 (1993): 339-341.

Hoffmann, Christine, Ute Ziegler, Anne Buschmann, Artur Weber, Leila Kupfer, Anja Oelschlegel, Baerbel Hammerschmidt, and Martin H. Groschup. "Prions Spread via the Autonomic Nervous System from the Gut to the Central Nervous System in Cattle Incubating Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy." Journal of General Virology 88 (2007): 1048-1055.

Hoinville, L.J. "Decline in the Incidence of BSE in Cattle Born after the Introduction of the 'Feed Ban'." The Veterinary Record 134 (1994): 274-275.

Hoinville, L.J., J.W. Wilesmith, and M.S. Richards. "An Investigation of Risk Factors for Cases of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Born after the Introduction of the 'Feed Ban'." The Veterinary Record 136 (1995): 312-318.

Horn, Gabriel, Martin Bobrow, Moira Bruce, Michel Goedert, Angela McLean, and John Webster. "Review of the Origin of BSE London." Stationery Office, 2001.

Houston, Fiona, Sandra McCutcheon, Wilfred Goldmann, Angela Chong, James Foster, Silvia Siso, Lorenzo Gonzalez, Martin Jeffrey, and Nora Hunter. "Prion Diseases are Efficiently Transmitted by Blood Transfusion in Sheep." Blood 2008: blood-2008-04-152520v1

Iwamaru, Yoshifumi, Yuka Okubo, Tamako Ikeda, Hiroko Hayashi, Morikazu Imamura, Takashi Yokoyama, and Morikazu Shinagawa. "PrPSc Distribution of a Natural Case of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy." In: Prions. Food and Drug Safety, edited by T. Kitamoto. Springer Verlag, New York, 2005.

Iwata, Naoko ; Yuko Sato, Yoshimi Higuchi, Kyoko Nohtomi, Noriyo Nagata, Hideki Hasegawa, Minoru Tobiume, Yuko Nakamura, Kenichi Hagiwara, Hidefumi Furuoka, Motohiro Horiuchi, Yoshio Yamakawa, Tetsutaro Sata. "Distribution of PrPSc in Cattle with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Slaughtered at Abattoirs in Japan." Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 59 (2006): 100-7.

Konold,Timm, Yoon Hee Lee, Michael J Stack, Claire Horrocks, Robert B Green, Melanie Chaplin, Marion M Simmons, Steve AC Hawkins, Richard Lockey, John Spiropoulos, John W Wilesmith, and Gerald AH Wells. "Different Prion Disease Phenotypes Result from Inoculation of Cattle with Two Temporally Separated Sources of Sheep Scrapie from Great Britain." BMC Veterinary Research 2 (2006): 31.

Masujin, Kentaro, Danny Matthews, Gerald A. H. Wells, Shirou Mohri, and Takashi Yokoyama. "Prions in the Peripheral Nerves of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy-affected Cattle." Journal of General Virology 88 (2007): 1850-1858.

Philips, Lord of Worth Matravers, J. Bridgeman, and M. Ferguson-Smith. The BSE Inquiry, London: Stationary Office, 2000. Available at: http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/pdf/index.htm.

Schreuder, B.E.C., R.E. Geertsma, L.J.M. van Keulen, J.A.A.M. van Asten, P. Enthoven, R.C. Oberthür, A.A. de Koeijer, and A.D.M.E. Osterhaus. "Studies on the Efficacy of Hyperbaric Rendering Procedures in Inactivating Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and Scrapie Agents." The Veterinary Record 142 (1998): 474-480.

Stevenson, M. A., J.W. Wilesmith, J.B.M. Ryan, R.S. Morris, A.B. Lawson, D.U. Pfeiffer, and D. Lin. "Descriptive Spatial Analysis of the Epidemic of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Great Britain to June 1997." The Veterinary Record 147 (2000): 379-384.

Taylor, D.M., S.L. Woodgate, and M.J. Atkinson. "Inactivation of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent by Rendering Procedures. The Veterinary Record 137 (1995): 605-610.

Taylor, D.M., S.L. Woodgate, A.J. Fleetwood, and R.J.G. Cawthorne. "Effect of Rendering Procedures on the Scrapie Agent." The Veterinary Record 141 (1997): 643-649.

UK Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), London, United Kingdom Web site: http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/science-research/cattle/transmis.html (last modified 18 March 2008, accessed September 19, 2008.)

Ward, H. J. T., D. Everington, S. Cousens, B. Smith-Bathgate, M. Leitch, S. Cooper, C. Heath, R.G. Knight, P. Smith, and R.G. Will. "Risk factors for Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: A Case Control Study." Annals of Neurology 59 (2006): 111-120.

Wells, G. A. H., T. Konold, M. E. Arnold, A. R. Austin, S. A. C. Hawkins, M. Stack, M. M. Simmons, Y. H. Lee, D. Gavier-Widén, M. Dawson, and J. W. Wilesmith. "Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: The Effect of Oral Exposure Dose on Attack Rate and Incubation Period in Cattle." Journal of General Virology 88 (2007): 1363-1373.

Wells, G.A.H., J. Spiropoulos, S.A.C. Hawkins, and S. J.Ryder. 2005. Pathogenesis of experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy: preclinical infectivity in tonsil and observations on the distribution of lingual tonsil in slaughtered cattle. Vet. Rec. 156:401-407.

Wells, G. A. H., S.A. Hawkins, R.B. Green, A.R. Austin, I. Dexter, Y.I. Spencer, M.J., Chaplin, M.J. Stack, and M. Dawson. "Preliminary Observations on the Pathogenesis of Experimental Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE): An Update." The Veterinary Record 142 (1998 ): 103-106.

Will, R.G., J.W. Ironside, M. Zeidler, S.N. Cousens, K. Estibeiro, A. Alperovitch, S. Poser, M. Pocchiari, A. Hofman, and P.G. Smith. "A New Variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the UK." Lancet 347 (1996): 921–925.

Wilesmith, J.W., Ryan, J. B. M., Hueston, W. D., & Hoinville, L. J. "Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: Epidemiological Features 1985 to 1990." The Veterinary Record 130 (1992): 90-94.

Wilesmith, J. W., Wells, G. A. H., Ryan, J. B. M., Gavier-Widen, D., & Simmons, M. M. "A Cohort Study to Examine Maternally Associated Risk Factors for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy." The Veterinary Record 141 (1997): 239-243.

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CWD Overview Lesson Citations

Angers, Rachel C., Shawn R. Browning, Tanya S. Seward, Christina J. Sigurdson, Michael W. Miller, Edward A. Hoover, Glenn C. Telling. "Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease." Science 311 (2006): 1117.

Brayton KA, O'Rourke KI, Lyda AK, Miller MW, Knowles DP. "A processed pseudogene contributes to apparent mule deer prion gene heterogeneity." Gene 326 (2004): 167-173.

Hamir, Amir N., Robert A. Kunkle, Randall C. Cutlip, Janice M. Miller, Katherine I. O'Rourke, Elizabeth S. Williams, Michael W. Miller, Mick J. Stack, Melanie J. Chaplin, Jürgen A. Richt. "Experimental Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease Agent from Mule Deer to Cattle by the Intracerebral Route." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 17, no. 3 (2005): 276-81.

Hamir, Amir N., Thomas Gidlewski, Terry R. Spraker, Janice M. Miller, Lynn Creekmore, Michelle Crocheck, Thomas Cline, Katherine I. O'Rourke. "Preliminary Observations of Genetic Susceptibility of Elk (Cervus Elaphus Nelsoni) to Chronic Wasting Disease by Experimental Oral Inoculation." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 18, no. 1 (2006): 110-4.

Harrington, Robert D., Timothy V. Baszler, Katherine I. O'Rourke, David A. Schneider, Terry R. Spraker, H. Denny Liggitt, and Donald P. Knowles. "A Species Barrier Limits Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease to Mink (Mustela Vison)." Journal of General Virolology 89 (2008): 1086-1096.

Heaton MP, Leymaster KA, Freking BA, Hawk DA, Smith TP, Keele JW, Snelling WM, Fox JM, Chitko-McKown CG, Laegreid WW. "Prion gene sequence variation within diverse groups of U.S. sheep, beef cattle, and deer." Mamm Genome 14 (2003): 765-777.

Jewell, Jean E., Mary M. Conner, Lisa L. Wolfe, Michael W. Miller, and Elizabeth S. Williams. "Low Frequency of PrP Genotype 225SF Among Free-ranging Mule Deer (Odocoileus Hemionus) with Chronic Wasting Disease." Journal of General Virolology 86 (2005): 2127-2134.

Johnson C, Johnson J, Clayton M, McKenzie D, Aiken J. "Prion protein gene heterogeneity in free-ranging white-tailed deer within the chronic wasting disease affected region of Wisconsin." J Wildl Dis 39 (2003): 576-581.

Johnson, Chad, Jody Johnson, Joshua P. Vanderloo, Delwyn Keane, Judd M. Aiken, and Debbie McKenzie. "Prion Protein Polymorphisms in White-tailed Deer Influence Susceptibility to Chronic Wasting Disease." Journal of General Virology 87 (2006): 2109-2114.

Kim, Tae-Yung, Shon Hyun-Joo, Joo Yi-Seok, Mun Un-Kyong, Kang Kyung-Sun, Lee Yong-Soon. "Additional Cases of Chronic Wasting Disease in Imported Deer in Korea." The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 67, no. 8 (2005): 753-759.

Mathiason, Candace K., Jenny G. Powers, Sallie J. Dahmes, David A. Osborn, Karl V. Miller, Robert J. Warren, Gary L. Mason, Sheila A. Hays, Jeanette Hayes-Klug, Davis M. Seelig, Margaret A. Wild, Lisa L. Wolfe, Terry R. Spraker, Michael W. Miller, Christina J. Sigurdson, Glenn C. Telling, and Edward A. Hoover. "Infectious Prions in the Saliva and Blood of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease." Science 314 (2006): 133–136.

Marsh, Richard F., Anthony E. Kincaid, Richard A. Bessen, and Jason C. Bartz. "Interspecies Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions to Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri Sciureus)." Journal of Virology 79, no. 21 (2005): 13794-13796.

Miller MW, Williams ES, Hobbs NT, Wolfe LL. "Environmental sources of prion transmission in mule deer." Emerg Infect Dis. Jun. (2004): Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol10no6/04-0010.htm

O'Rourke KI, Baszler TV, Miller JM, Spraker TR, Sadler-Riggleman I, Knowles DP. "Monoclonal antibody F89/160.1.5 defines a conserved epitope on the ruminant prion protein." Vet Rec 36 (1998): 1750-1755.

O’Rourke, Katherine I., T.E. Besser, M.W Miller, T.F. Cline, T.R. Spraker, A.L. Jenny, M.A. Wild, G. Zebarth, and E.S. Williams, "PrP Genotypes of Captive and Free-ranging Rocky Mountain Elk (Cervus Elaphus Nelsoni) with Chronic Wasting Disease." Journal of General Virology 80 (1999): 2765–2769.

O'Rourke, Katherine I., Terry R. Spraker, Linda K. Hamburg, Thomas E. Besser, Kelly A. Brayton, and Donald P. Knowles. "Polymorphisms in the Prion Precursor Functional Gene but not the Pseudogene are Associated with Susceptibility to Chronic Wasting Disease in White-tailed Deer." Journal of General Virology 85 (2004): 1339–1346.

Spraker, TR., Balachandran, A., Zhuang, D., O'Rourke, KI. "Variable patterns of distribution of PrP(CWD) in the obex and cranial lymphoid tissues of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) with subclinical chronic wasting disease." Vet Rec. Sep 4, 155(10) (2004) :295-302.

Williams, E. S. & Young, S. "Neuropathology of chronic wasting disease of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni)." Veterinary Pathology 30 (1993): 36-45.

Williams, Elizabeth S. "Chronic Wasting Disease." Veterinary Pathology 42 (2005): 530–549.

Williams, Elizabeth S., and Michael W. Miller. "Chronic Wasting Disease in Deer and Elk in North America." Revue Scientifique et Technique 21 (2002): 305-316.

Williams, Elizabeth S., S. Young. "Spongiform Encephalopathies in Cervidae." Revue Scientifique et Technique 11 (1992):551–567.

General TSEScrapie Overview Lesson Citations

Andreoletti, Olivier, Patricia Berthon, Daniel Marc, Pierre Sarradin, Jeanne Grosclaude, Lucien van Keulen, François Schelcher, Jean-Michel Elsen, and Frédéric Lantier. "Early Accumulation of PrPSc in Gut-associated Lymphoid and Nervous Tissue of Susceptible Sheep from a Romanov Flock with Natural Scrapie." Journal of General Virology 81, (2000): 3115-3126.

Andreoletti, Olivier, Caroline Lacroux, Armelle Chabert, Laurent Monnereau, Guillaume Tabouret, Frédéric Lantier, Patricia Berthon, Francis Eychenne, Sylvie Lafond-Benestad, Jean-Michel Elsen, and François Schelcher. "PrPSc Accumulation in Placentas of Ewes Exposed to Natural Scrapie: Influence of Foetal PrP Genotype and Effect on Ewe-to-lamb Transmission." Journal of General Virology 83 (2002): 2607-2616.

Andreoletti, O., S. Simon, C. Lacroux, N. Morel, G. Tabouret, A. Chabert, S. Lugan, F. Corbiere, P. Ferre, G. Foucras, H. Laude, F. Eychenne, J. Grassi, and F. Schelcher. "PrPSc Accumulation in Myocytes from Sheep Incubating Natural Scrapie." Nature Medicine 10 (2004): 591-593.

Benestad, S. L., JN. Arsac, W. Goldmann, and M. Nöremark, "Atypical/Nor98 Scrapie: Properties of the Agent, Genetics, and Epidemiology." Vet. Res. 39 (2008): 19.

Benestad, S.L., P. Sarradin, B. Thu, J. Schönheit, M.A. Tranulis, B. Bratberg. "Cases of Scrapie with Unusual Features in Norway and Designation of a New Type, Nor98." Vet. Rec. 153 (2003): 202–208.

Brotherston, J.G., C.C. Renwick, J.T. Stamp, I. Zlotnik, and I.H. Pattison. "Spread of Scrapie by Contact to Goats and Sheep." Journal of Comparative Pathology 78 (1968): 9-17.

Brown, P, and D.C. Gajdusek. "Survival of Scrapie Virus after 3 Years’ Interment." Lancet 337 (1991): 269-270.

Buschmann, A., A.G. Biacabe, U. Ziegler, A. Bencsik, J.Y. Madec, G. Erhardt, G. Lühken, T. Baron, M.H. Groschup. "Atypical Scrapie Cases in Germany and France are Identified by Discrepant Reaction Patterns in BSE Rapid Tests." J. Virol. Methods 117 (2004): 27–36.

Buschmann, A., G. Lühken, J. Schultz, G. Erhardt, M.H. Groschup. "Neuronal Accumulation of Abnormal Prion Protein in Sheep Carrying a Scrapie-resistant Genotype (PrPARR/ARR)." J. Gen. Virol. 85 (2004): 2727–2733.

Casalone, Cristina, Cristiano Corona, Maria Ines Crescio, Francesca Martucci, Maria Mazza, Giuseppe Ru, Elena Bozzetta, Pier Luigi Acutis, and Maria Caramelli. "Pathological Prion Protein in the Tongues of Sheep Infected with Naturally Occurring Scrapie. Journal of Virology 79, no. 9 (2005): 847-849.

Cook, W. "Nor98-like Strain of Scrapie Found in Wyoming." Wyoming Livestock Board (2007).

De Bosschere, H., S. Roels, S.L. Benestad, E. Vanopdenbosch. "Scrapie Case Similar to Nor98 Diagnosed in Belgium Via Active Surveillance." Vet. Rec. 155 (2004): 707–708.

Detwiler, L.A., and M. Baylis. "The Epidemiology of Scrapie." In Risk Analysis of BSE and TSEs: Update on BSE and the Use of Alternative to MBM as Protein Supplements. Revue Scientifique et Technique. Office International des Epizooties (OIE), Paris. 22 (2003): 121-143.

Dickinson, A.G., J.T. Stamp and C.C. Renwick. "Maternal and Lateral Transmission of Scrapie in Sheep." Journal of Comparative Pathology 84 (1974): 19-25.

Epstein, V., S. Pointing, S. Halfacre. "Atypical Scrapie in the Falkland Islands." Vet. Rec. 157 (2005): 667–668.