Topic 4.4 Review Book Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Name ______
4.4 Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
Key Facts
1. PCR or polymerase chain reaction is utilized to copy and amplify minute quantities of DNA.
2. To analyze DNA, a process of gel electrophoresis is often employed. It allows fragments of DNA to move in an electric field and to be separated due to their size and electrical charge.
3. Gel electrophoresis is used in DNA profiling which is important in paternity cases and forensic investigations.
4. DNA profiling produces DNA bands which allow comparison.
5. The Human Genome Project sequenced the entire human genome and found there to be 25000 to 30000 genes. Not only did the project strive to find the total genes but it attempted to find each gene’s location and each gene’s base sequence.
6. Benefits of the Human Genome Project include the ability to study how genes influence human development, the easier identification of genetic diseases, and eventually, the production of medicines specifically engineered to an individuals needs. It may also give new insights into the origins, evolution and migrations of humans.
7. Because genetic code is universal, when genes are transferred between species, these genes will produce the same polypeptides. This occurs when the gene that codes for the production of human insulin is placed within the genome of a bacterial cell; the bacterium will actually produce human insulin.
8. There are ethical and moral questions involved in gene transfer amongst different species.
9. Gene transfer between species often involves the following: host cell, plasmid, restriction enzymes, and DNA ligase.
10. Restriction enzymes are quite specific in that they only will cleave DNA at exact sequences of bases.
11. DNA ligase is used to allow the combination of the cleaved DNA from one cell into the DNA of another type of cell. Ligases ligate or tie together.
12. The receiving cell of the cleaved DNA may then be cloned to produce multiple copies. The receiving cell is often a bacterium, and the new bacterium is now referred to as a genetically modified organism.
13. The new DNA formed is often referred to as recombinant DNA.
14. Genetic modification of organisms has produced the following: salt tolerant tomato plants, rice with a high level of vitamin A precursor, herbicide resistance in corn plants, and the production of a factor necessary for human blood clotting in sheep milk.
15. A clone is a group of genetically identical organisms or a group of cells derived from a single parent cell.
16. Cloning of an organism is useful when an organism has a desirable combination of characteristics and more organisms with the combinations are wanted. This type of cloning is called reproductive cloning.
17. Therapeutic cloning is used in the production of skin or other tissues needed to treat a patient.
18. Plants may be cloned quite easily by using pieces of the plant. Animal cloning, however, involves embryos. This creates moral and ethical questions.
Complete the following.
55. When would PCR be called for when a lab is asked to carry out DNA profiling?
56. What two characteristics of DNA fragments allow successful DNA profiling?
57. Explain some applications of DNA profiling.
58. When DNA profiles are compared, what specifically is analyzed?
59. What are the benefits of the Human Genome Project?
60. Explain how Bt corn was produced.
61. Why must the same restriction enzyme be used on both samples of DNA of the organisms involved?
62. Explain two ways cloning may occur.
63. Explain an example of gene transfer utilizing a plasmid from a bacterium.
64. What is a genetically modified organism?
65. Give two examples of transgenic or genetically modified plants.
66. Give two examples of transgenic or genetically modified animals.
67. What are some potential benefits of genetic engineering for the future?
68. What are some potential dangers of genetic engineering for the future?
69. Briefly explain how Dolly the clone was produced.
70. How is karyotyping different from DNA profiling?
Topic 4.4 Review Book Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Name ______
Topic 4.4 Review Book Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Name ______
Across
1 represented by letters/symbols (8)
4 uses symbols to represent heredity of a trait (8)
6 condition with similar alleles for a trait (10)
9 uses amniotic fluid to obtain fetal cells (13)
10 fragments of DNA produced in profiling (5)
11 group of genetically identical organisms (6)
15 an example of sex linkage (10)
17 chromosomes similar in size and appearance (10)
18 used in DNA profiling (15)
19 connects sister chromatids (10)
20 normal chromosome number in somatic cells (7)
Down
2 Down's syndrome is an example of this (7)
3 used to copy and amplify small quantities of DNA (3)
4 bacterial DNA used in gene transfer (7)
5 reduction division (7)
7 controls a particular trait (4)
8 condition with different alleles for a trait (12)
10 allele that only shows when homozygous (9)
11 uses placental cells to obtain fetal cells (3)
12 alleles that cause blood type in humans (8)
13 component of eukaryotic chromosome (7)
14 form of a gene (6)
16 change in DNA (8)
17 chromosome condition in gametes (7)
Topic 4.4 Review Book Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Name ______