Title: Association of Healthy Aging with Parental Longevity

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Electronic supplementary material

Title: Association of Healthy Aging with Parental Longevity

Journal: AGE

Authors: Sangkyu Kim1, David A. Welsh2, Katie E. Cherry3,Leann Myers4, S. Michal Jazwinski1.

Affiliations: 1Tulane Center for Aging and Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA; 2Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA; 3Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA; 4Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA

Corresponding author:Sangkyu Kim () or S. Michal Jazwinski(), Department of Medicine Tulane University Health Sciences Center 1430 Tulane Ave., SL-12, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA

Online Resource Table 1Summary of subjects enrolled in the HAFS and the LHAS

Subjects / Sex (n) / Mean age (range) / Race (n)
HAFS / Female (212) / 74 (46 ~ 104) / W (196), B (14), O (2)
Male (108) / 74 (43 ~ 99) / W (104), B (4)
Total (320) / 74 (43 ~ 104) / W (300), B (18), O (2)
LHAS / Female (531) / 64 (21 ~ 103) / W (415), B (41), O (75)
Male (338) / 67 (21 ~ 101) / W (258), B (19), O (61)
Total (869) / 65 (21 ~ 103) / W (673), B (60), O (136)

Abbreviations: HAFS, Healthy Aging Family Study; LHAS, Louisiana Healthy Aging Study; W = Caucasian; B = African-American; O=others

Online Resource Table 2List of 34 variables used to construct the FI34in this study

Numeric / Missing data
No. / Name / Description / code / HAFS / LHAS
1 / adrdz / You've been told that you have an adrenal disease / 0, 1 / 1.00 / 1.00
2 / anemia / You've been told that you have anemia / 0, 1 / 1.00 / 1.00
3 / angina / You've been told that you have angina / 0, 1 / 1.00 / 1.00
4. / asthma / You've been told that you have asthma / 0, 1 / 0.99 / 1.00
5 / balance / Standing for 10 sec. with one foot behind the other / 0, 1a / 0.95 / 0.88
6 / bathing / You need assistance when bathing / 0, 1 / 0.99 / 1.00
7 / bmi / Body mass index (BMI) / 0, 0.5, 1b / 0.99 / 0.88
8 / bronch / You've been told that you have bronchitis / 0, 1 / 1.00 / 1.00
9 / cataracts / You've been told that you have cataracts / 0, 1 / 1.00 / 1.00
10 / chair / Number of stand-ups from chair without using arms / 0, 1c / 0.98 / 0.88
11 / conghrtf / You've had congestive heart failure / 0, 1 / 1.00 / 1.00
12 / copd / You've been told that you have COPD / 0, 1 / 1.00 / 1.00
13 / diabetes / You've been told that you have diabetes / 0, 1 / 1.00 / 1.00
14 / dressing / You need assistance when dressing / 0, 1 / 0.99 / 1.00
15 / emphy / You've been told that you have emphysema / 0, 1 / 1.00 / 1.00
16 / feeding / You need assistance when eating / 0, 1 / 0.99 / 1.00
17 / fhoca / Your 1st degree relatives have had a cancer / 0, 1 / 0.99 / 0.99
18 / gds / Geriatric depression scale (GDS)(Yesavage et al. 1982; Sheikh 1986) / 0, 0,5, 1d / 0.99 / 0.97
19 / hattack / You've had a heart attack / 0, 1 / 1.00 / 1.00
20 / hbp / High blood pressure (based on SBP and DBP readings) / 0, 0.33, 0.66, 1e / 0.96 / 0.87
21 / hchol / You've been told that you have high cholesterol / 1.00 / 1.00 / 1.00
22 / hhbp / You have had high blood pressure before / 0, 1 / 0.99 / 1.00
23 / hrtmur / You've been told that you have a heart murmur / 0, 1 / 1.00 / 1.00
24 / hrtprb / You've been told that you have a heart problem / 0, 1 / 1.00 / 1.00
25 / kidndz / You've been told that you have a kidney disease / 0, 1 / 1.00 / 1.00
26 / liverdz / You've been told that you have a liver disease / 0, 1 / 1.00 / 1.00
27 / mmse / Mini-mental state exam (MMSE)(Folstein et al. 1975; Rovner and Folstein 1987) / 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1f / 1.00 / 0.97
28 / osteo / You've been told that you have osteoporosis / 0, 1 / 1.00 / 1.00
29 / seiz / You've had a seizure / 0, 1 / 0.99 / 1.00
30 / selfrated / Self-rating of health / 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1g / 1.00 / 0.94
31 / stroke / You've had a stroke / 0, 1 / 1.00 / 1.00
32 / thydz / You've been told that you have a thyroid disease / 0, 1 / 1.00 / 1.00
33 / tia / You've had a TIA / 0, 1 / 1.00 / 1.00
34 / urininf / You've been told that you have a urinary infection / 0, 1 / 1.00 / 1.00

Abbreviations: most abbreviated variable names are explained in the description column; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TIA, transient ischemic attack; HAFS, Healthy Aging Family Study; LHAS, Louisiana Healthy Aging Study.

Missing data: HAFS: 0 - 5%, LHAS: 0 - 12%. Missing data is the proportion of subjects with relevant data available. All the binary variables were coded numerically: '0' for the absence of the deficit and '1' for its presence.

a0 if balanced for 10 seconds; otherwise,1

b0 if 18.5  x  25, where x = weight (kg) /(height in meter)2; 0.5 if 25  x  30; otherwise, 1

c0 if one can stand up from chair at least once; otherwise 1.

d0 if 0  x  5, where x is the final score of the test; 0.5 if 6  x  10; 1 if x  10

e0 if x  80 and y  120, where x = diastolic pressure and y = systolic pressure; 0.33 if 80  x  89 or 120  y  139; 0.66 if 90  x  99 or 140  y  159; 1 if x  100 or y  160. This coding is based on the categories of blood pressure levels according to the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute ( Accessed March 28, 2012)

f0 if 24  x, where x is the final score of the test, 0.25 if 20  x  24, 0.5 if 18  x  20, 0.75 if 10  x  17, and 1 if x < 10

g0 = Excellent, 0.25 = Very good, 0.5 = Good, 0.75 = Fair, 1 = Poor

Online Resource Table 3The ANOVA table for FI34and estimation of heritability

Source of variance / df / sum of squares / mean squares (MS) / E(MS)
Between-family / nf-1 / SSB / SSB/nf-1 = MSB / ns2b + 2w
Error (within-family) / T-nf / SSW / SSW/(T-nf) = MSW / 2w
Total / T / SST

Abbreviations: FI34, frailty index based on 34 items; E(MS), expected mean squares; nf, number of families; ns, the number of full sibs in each family; SSB, sum of squares between families; SSW, sum of squares within families; SST, sum of squares total; MSB, mean squares between families; MSW, mean squares within families; 2b, between family variance; 2w, within family variance. Total number of sibs is T=nf·ns.

MSW = 2w (an estimate of the variance among observations due to differences between individuals within families)

(MSB-MSW)/ns= 2b (an estimate of the variance among observations due to differences between families)

The intraclass correlation coefficient t = 2b/(2b +2w) = 2b/2

The phenotypic covariance between full siblings is ½2a (ignoring dominance and other complications involving genetic and environmental factors) and 2b is equivalent to this covariance; i.e., 2b =½2a

Combining the equations in 4) and 5) results in t = ½(2a/2) = ½ h2

h2 = 2t

The standard error of h2 was calculatedas 2(1-h2/2)[1+ (ns-1) h2/2][2/ns(ns-1)(nf-1)]1/2

Online Resource Table 4Comparison of FI34values between two age subgroups (mean  sd with sample number in parentheses)

Group / Age subgroup 'young' (<60 yr) / Age subgroup 'old' (60 yr) / P-value
OLLP / 0.0880  0.0362 (24) / 0.137  0.0732 (65) / 0.001
OSLP / 0.118  0.0439 (26) / 0.215  0.0746 (22) / < 0.0001

Abbreviations: FI34, frailty index based on 34 items; sd, standard deviation; OLLP, offspring of long-lived parents; OSLP, offspring of short-lived parents. The P values are for comparisons between age-subgroups in each study group. For each age subgroup, the difference between different study groups is also significant (P = 0.02 for 'young' and P < 0.0001 for 'old'). P-values are from Wilcoxon rank-sum tests.

Online Resource Fig. 1 Histograms of FI34for (a) HAFS and (a) LHAS subjects

Online Resource Fig. 2Boxplots of the FI34(a) The ”offspring of long-lived parents” (OLLP) and (b) “offspring of short-lived parents” (OSLP). The age subgroup labeled “young” consisted of those of age < 60 and that labeled “old” consisted of those of age  60. Refer to Online Resource Table 4for detailed statistics.

Online Resource References

Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR (1975) "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 12 (3):189-198.

Rovner BW, Folstein MF (1987) Mini-mental state exam in clinical practice. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 22 (1A):99, 103, 106, 110

Sheikh JY, JA (1986) Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): recent findings and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontology: a guide to assessment and intervention. Howarth Press, New York

Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, Lum O, Huang V, Adey M, Leirer VO (1982) Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res 17 (1):37-49