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This workbook forms part of your assessment for this subject and MUST be completed and returned to your subject teacher.

HEALTH - INDEX

TopicPage

Good habits

Good food3

Good hygiene10
Exercise11
Sleep11

Bad habits

Junk food12
Caffeine softdrinks12
Lack of exercise12
Smoking12
Alcohol13

Disease and treatment

Types of diseases15
Infectious or contagious diseases15

Fighting infectious disease18

ACTIVITY – WHAT DO YOU EAT?

Think about the food and drink you would have in a typical day. Then complete the table.

MEAL / WHAT YOU EAT
Breakfast
Morning tea
Lunch
Afternoon tea
Dinner
Supper

FOOD NUTRIENTS – 1. CARBOHYDRATES

Examples are sugars, starches (pasta, potatoes, flour) and cellulose (fibre)

Carbohydrates are an immediate source of energy for the body

In the process of respiration, glucose sugar and oxygen give energy and wastes of carbon dioxide and water.

There are 3 forms of carbohydrates are:

1.Monsaccharides (Simple Sugars e.g. glucose in honey, and fructose in fruit)

2. Disaccharides (Double Sugars e.g. sucrose, lactose, maltose)

3. Polysaccharides (e.g. starch, cellulose)

All carbohydrates are broken down to simple sugars (monosaccharides) by enzymes in the digestive tract

FOOD NUTRIENTS – 2. PROTEINS

Examples are meat, eggs, beans

Some body proteins are muscle, haemoglobin, hormones and enzymes

Proteins are made of amino acids

Proteins are used to repair and build body tissues, but can be used as a last source of energy

Digestive enzymes break down proteins into amino acids

There are over 30 amino acids. Plants can make their own amino acids from simpler substances. However, cannot synthesise about 20 amino acids, so must eat them in the diet. These 20 are called essential amino acids.

FOOD NUTRIENTS – 3. LIPIDS (FATS AND OILS)

Examples are butter and oils

Bile and digestive enzymes break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

Lipids are used as a source of energy and as a structural and an insulating material

FOOD NUTRIENTS – 4. VITAMINS

Vitamins help to control chemical reactions in the body

They are only required in small amounts

Deficiencies and excesses of vitamins may cause disease

VITAMIN

SOURCE

/ EFFECTS OF DEFICIENCY
A (retinol) / Carrots, tomatoes, leafy vegetables, egg yolk, milk, cheese / Poor night vision, skin infections
B1 (thiamin) / Wholemeal bread, eggs, milk, cheese / Beriberi(loss of appetite,weakness)
B2 (riboflavin) / Eggs, milk, cheese, yeast / Pellagra(skin infections, mental illness)
C (ascorbic acid) / Citrus fruit, green vegetables / Scurvy(bleeding gums, loss of teeth)
D (calciferol) / Eggs, cod liver oil, butter, milk / Rickets(deformed bones)
E (tocoperol) / Green vegetables, wheatgerm, milk / Anaemia
K (phylloquinone) / Green vegetables / Impairs blood clotting

FOOD NUTRIENTS – 5. MINERAL IONS

e.g. salts containing sodium, calcium etc.

Help build strong bones and teeth, needed for healthy nervous function, and used in the clotting of blood

Lack can cause disease

MINERAL

SOURCE

/ EFFECTS OF DEFICIENCY

Calcium

/ Milk, cheese, green vegetables / Rickets(poor bones and teeth)

Iron

/ Meat, eggs liver, vegetables /

Anaemia

Iodine

Fish, water

/ Goitre(poor growth and development)

Fluorine

Drinking water

Poor teeth

Phosphorus

/ Dairy foods, eggs, meat, vegetables / Poor bones, teeth and muscles

Potassium

/ Meat, fruit, vegetables / Affects nerves, muscles and blood

Zinc

/ Green vegetables, onions, liver / Part of the hormone called insulin

ACTIVITY - NUTRIENTS IN FOODS

PROTEINS / CARBOHYDRATES / FATS / VITAMINS

Write the name of each food in the column, which best represents, its nutrient value.

ACTIVITY – FOOD TESTS

CHEMICAL / TEST / POSITIVE
RESULT
Protein / Add a few drops of copper sulphate solution to the food sample, then a few drops of sodium hydroxide solution and mix well. / Blue-purple
Starch / Add a few drops of iodine solution to the food sample. / Blue-black
Glucose / Add an equal volume of Benedict's solution to the food sample and warm in a very hot water bath for a few minutes. / Orange-red
Lipid (Fats and Oils) / Rub a food sample onto brown paper and allow to dry. / Translucent spot

QUESTIONS

Give an example of a food rich in:

(a) sugar

(b) starch

(d) fats or oils

(e) vitamin B

(f) vitamin C

(g) calcium

(h) iron

What is the main function in the body of:

(a) carbohydrates

(b) proteins

3. What is a healthy weight range for a person whose height is 160 centimetres?
ACTIVITY – FOOD ADDITIVES

ADDITIVE

/ WHAT THE ADDITIVE DOES / E NUMBER

Colours

/ These make the food look more attractive to some people. Many colours are natural, but some are artificial. It is mostly the artificial ones that have E numbers. / E 100 – E 180
Preservatives / These stop bacteria growing in food and turning it bad. Some such as salt and alcohol have been known for a long time. The newer ones have E numbers. / E 200 – E 290
Antioxidants / Air by itself can spoil food. Antioxidants stop or slow down the reaction with oxygen that causes food spoilage in food such as butter. / E 300 – E 321
Emulsifiers / These chemicals stop separation of creamy liquids such as mayonnaise made from oil and water. / E 322 – E 494
Sweeteners / These sweeten food without using sugar. / E 420 – E 421
Modified Starches / These thicken liquid food such as soup. / E1400 – E1442

Glue your label in the left-hand column. Then make a list of the additives on the label.

Glue label here

ACTIVITY - KEEPING HEALTHY DISCUSSION TOPICS

In small groups, discuss these topics. Share your ideas with the class.

Some overweight people think that reducing their daily food intake to a couple of pieces of fruit and a few raw vegetables (e.g. carrot or celery) without exercising, will help them lose weight quickly.

What are the dangers of “crash diets” like this?
What is the value of exercise in helping weight loss?

Michael is a high school student. Before exams, he stays up late, often till midnight or later, studying. He says that by taking plenty of multi-vitamin capsules, he feels bright and alert and this stops him getting sick.

Is Michael correct?
What alternative plan would you suggest for Michael to keep healthy and study effectively?

Today’s society is quite different from that 100 years ago. What are some of the factors which affect your health that have changed in the last 100 years?

On every square centimetre of our skin, there are millions of bacteria. However, most of these do us no harm. In fact, some of the bacteria that live in our gut actually make a vitamin for us.

Good hygiene prevents infection by harmful bacteria.

Good hygiene includes:

Showering or bathing at least once a day
Wearing a clean change of clothes at least once a day
Washing your hands thoroughly after going to the toilet
Washing your hands thoroughly before preparing or eating food
No spitting

3 MAIN ELEMENTS OF FITNESS

The three main elements of fitness are:

Strength – Muscular force is needed for lifting and carrying heavy objects.

Flexibility – Bones and muscles must be able to move freely.

Endurance – To work muscles for a long time is of benefit to fitness.

4 WAYS THAT REGULAR EXERCISE HELPS THE BODY

Strengthens the heart and lowers blood pressure

Improves muscle tone by keeping the muscles slightly contracted

Strengthens the blood vessel walls to allow them to withstand greater blood pressure after exertion

Increases oxygen flow to all body cells by building new capillaries, and getting rid of wastes such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid after exercise

Babies sleep almost all day when they are born. As we grow older, we require less sleep. We still need to have at least 8 hours of uninterrupted sleep every night.

If you are having trouble sleeping, try these remedies:

Do more physical and mental exercise through the day to pleasantly tire your body and your mind
Do not have caffeine-containing drinks (e.g. softdrink, coffee and tea) within two hours going to bed
Do something relaxing before going to bed (e.g. play a game of cards, watch television, read a book)

JUNK FOOD

Food that contains a lot of salt and fat build up in your body and will eventually form a hard lining on the walls of blood vessels. This leads to high blood pressure (hypertension) and possibly heart attacks and strokes. Avoid foods such as chips, pies and sausage rolls.

CAFFEINE SOFTDRINKS

Many softdrinks (e.g. Coke, Red Bull) contain a high level of caffeine. At most, you should drink only one can of these softdrinks each day.

Caffeine interferes with the body’s hormones that control our water levels. By drinking caffeine, you actually become dehydrated! If you are exercising or dancing, the effect of dehydration is even more harmful because you are also losing water through sweating.

LACK OF EXERCISE

You should set the routine of regular exercise early in your life. At least 20 minutes of sweat-producing exercise 3 times a week is recommended.

SMOKING

Here are some of the poisons in cigarettes:

Nicotine (addictive chemical)
Carbon monoxide (same as car exhausts)
Nail polish remover
Dry cleaning chemical

Smoking is a major factor in lung cancer and emphysema. Once you start smoking, you will never be able to completely clean your lungs.

Remember that the advertising for cigarettes is aimed at teenagers, particularly girls, to get them started.

ALCOHOL

Alcohol has several harmful effects:

Damages brain cells that never regrow
Causes dehydration by interfering with the body’s water control hormones
Is deadly when combined with driving a car

Females are more easily affected by alcohol than males.

Drinking small amounts of alcohol every day is as harmful as drinking large amounts of alcohol once a week.

ACTIVITY – LIFESTYLE CHECKUP

Answer these questions and score 1 point for every Yes answer:

Do you eat fresh fruit every day?
Do you eat fresh or cooked vegetables every day?
Do you eat wholegrain foods (e.g. wholemeal or brown bread, brown rice, cereal) every day?
Are you trying to eat less fat?
Are you trying to eat less salt?
Are you trying to eat less sugar?
Do you often drink plain water when you are thirsty?
Are you about the right weight for your height?
If you are overweight, have you started eating fewer kilojoules and having more exercise?
Do you take part in regular physical exercise that causes you to breathe harder or sweat?
Do you take part in this activity for 20 minutes at least 3 times a week?
Do you get much exercise in the ordinary course of your day?
Do you get enough satisfying sleep?
Do you practise a relaxation technique regularly?
Have you set goals for yourself that are based on things that are most important to you?
Do you enjoy your work or your regular activities?
Do you listen carefully to the people who matter to you?
Do you often let people close to you know that you appreciate them?
Do you have someone to turn to when the going gets tough?
If you don't smoke nor drink alcohol, score a point.

Here's how you rate:

16 to18 points -Excellent. You are doing all the important things for a happy healthy life.

13 to 17 points - Good. You are doing most of the important things.

8 to 12 points - Fair. A bit more attention is needed to improve your lifestyle.

Less than 8 - Poor. There's no time like the present to change bad habits. Check with your doctor first.

DISEASE

Disease is the name given to any condition that prevents an organism from functioning effectively. For example, diseases include influenza, short-sightedness, asthma and cancer.

TYPES OF DISEASES

Diseases are classified as Hereditary or Congenital Diseases (a person has these at birth) and Acquired Diseases (a person has these only after birth).

Hereditary or Congenital Diseases

Examples include Haemophilia (a bleeding disease where the blood does not clot properly because it lacks a protein necessary to clot), and Sickle-Cell Anaemia (a disease in which a person has deformed red blood cells that cannot carry sufficient oxygen for the body and causes them to clump together causing blockages in blood vessels).

Acquired Diseases

There are 5 types of acquired disease that people may develop during their lives.

Infectious Diseases – caused by a living organism (e.g. virus, bacteria, fungus, protozoan, worm)
Diet and Deficiency Diseases – caused by too much or too little of certain nutrients in our food ( e.g. scurvy, rickets)
Cancers – caused by rapid and uncontrolled growth of cells into tumours (e.g. lung cancer, skin cancer or melanoma)
Occupational Diseases – acquired during incidents in the working environment (e.g. pesticide poisoning on a farm)
Heart Diseases – caused by a malfunctioning of the heart and blood vessels, due to smoking, stress and poor diet (e.g. angina)

INFECTIOUS OR CONTAGIOUS DISEASE

Causative Organism – virus (e.g. influenza, measles), bacteria ( e.g. tetanus, typhoid fever), fungus (e.g. tinea), protozoan (e.g. malaria), worm (e.g. tapeworm)

Signs and Symptoms – e.g. fever, pain, diarrhoea

Method of Spread – droplet (e.g. influenza), direct contact (e.g. tinea), sexual contact (e.g. AIDS), food and water contaminated from faeces (e.g. cholera), vector such as a mosquito or rat (e.g. malaria)

Preventative Treatment – e.g. immunisation or vaccination, mosquito repellent

Treatment after contracting disease – Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections. Other medications may be available.

FIGHTING INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Defences that are not part of the Immune System include an intact skin, tears to wash away dust, mucus and cilia (nose hairs) to trap dust in the respiratory tract, hydrochloric acid in the stomach to kill bacteria in food, and blood clotting by blood platelets.

Immune System Defences are many white blood cells and antibodies. There are two main types of white blood cells – those which digest foreign particles, and those that make chemicals such as antibodies and antitoxins to neutralise foreign particles.

Antibiotics – Antibiotics work by preventing the growth of micro-organisms. They have little or no effect on viruses.

Immunisation

1.Immunisation may be active (the body fights infection by producing its own antibodies), or passive (the antibodies are either injected or fed in breast milk). A person who has been exposed to a disease may build up his/her own antibodies to fight that same disease the next time they come in contact with it.

2. Immunisation by injecting or orally giving the dead or altered micro-organism may be done for short- term or long-term prevention of the disease.

3. Pregnant or breast-feeding mothers may give antibodies to the baby through blood or milk.

QUESTIONS

What is a “disease”?

Sort out this list of diseases into those that are acquired during a person’s lifetime and those that are hereditary. Write the names in the table.

Influenza, tetanus, short-sightedness, food poisoning, cold sores, lung cancer, skin cancer, Ross River fever, juvenile-onset diabetes, colourblindness

ACQUIRED DISEASES / HEREDITARY DISEASES

Match one infectious disease in the left-hand column with its causative organism in the right-hand column. Write the letters in the spaces below.

A. tinea (Athlete’s Foot)V. bacterium

B. measlesW. fungus

C. tetanusX. protozoan

D. malariaY. virus

E. tapeworm infectionZ. worm

A B C D E

Match one infectious disease in the left-hand column with its method of spread in the right-hand column. Write the letters in the spaces below.

A. common coldU. food and water contaminated with faeces

B. choleraV. droplets in coughing and sneezing

C. tetanusW. vector such as mosquito or rat

D. malariaX. sexual contact

E. A.I.D.S.Y. soil contamination

F. tineaZ. direct but not sexual contact

A B C D E F