ENBACE1008 (07)

高级英语文学文化模块

“跨文化交际”课程终结考试笔试

试卷（模拟试题）

课程编号：ENBACE1008 学籍号：______

学习中心：______姓 名：______

Information for the Examinees:

This examination consists of FOUR sections. They are:

Section I:Listening Test(20points, 25 minutes)

Section II:Communicative Competence(30 points, 25 minutes)

Section III:Reading Comprehension(30 points, 40 minutes)

Section IV:Communication Analysis(20 points, 30 minutes)

The total marks for this examination are 100 points. Time allowed for completing this examination is 2 hours(120 minutes).

YOU MUST WRITE ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE ANSWER SHEET.

Section IListening Test [20 points]

Click here to download the sound file.

Instructions:

The listening test will take approximately 25 minutes.

There are TWO parts to the test.

There will be a pause of 30 seconds before each part to allow you to look at your questions.

There will be a pause of 30 seconds after each part to allow you to think about your answers.

Part1. Questions 1- 5 are based on this part. (10 points)

You are going to listen to a panel discussion between two people on animal behavior.Choose the best answer from A, B, C and D for each question. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

  1. Madam Chair states that chimpanzee’s altruism ______.
  2. is similar to that of bees
  3. may contain an element of self-interest
  4. is part of a group feeding system
  5. is not a mutual-aid system
  1. Worker bees work hard looking for food for 2 or 3 weeks, ______.
  2. and then die, leaving no offspring
  3. and then feed their offspring
  4. but die before feeding their offspring
  5. and then produce their offspring
  1. Chimpanzees who don’t do their share of grooming are ______by the group.
  2. criticized
  3. accepted
  4. exchanged
  5. rejected
  1. Male lions will cooperate in groups comprising ______.
  2. brothers
  3. brothers and sisters
  4. brothers and sisters and daughters
  5. brothers and sisters and daughters and aunts
  1. Which of the following animals are being discussed in the conversation?
  2. bees, dogs, and lions
  3. bees, chimpanzees, and fish
  4. bees, chimpanzees, and lions.
  5. chimpanzees , lions, and dogs

Part 2. Questions 6-15 are based on this part. (10 points)

You are going to listen to part of a lecture. As you listen, fill in the blanks with words from the lecture to complete the sentences that summarize the main points of the lecture. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. Note: Each blank requires only ONE word.

People communicate with one another all the time. Culture is regarded at the __6___ of communication challenges and it influences how people __7___ problems and participate in groups and in ___8___.

One definition of culture given in the lecture is that “Culture refers to a group with which we share common experiences that __9___ how we understand the world.”

In the complex world, culture is one of the factors that act upon people. Anthropologists Keven Avruch and Peter Black explained that “culture provides the lens through which we view the world; the __10___ by which we order it; the _11___ by which the world makes sense.”

Since people coming from different cultural groups need to work together, cultural values sometimes __12___ and misunderstanding arises.

The speaker mentioned six patterns of cultural differences which include: different communication styles, attitudes toward conflict, approaches to ___13____ tasks, decision making styles, attitudes toward __14___, and approaches to knowing.

When talking about communication style, the speaker introduced two aspects: verbal and non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication includes facial expressions,__15___, seating arrangements, personal distance, and sense of time.

This is the end of the Listening Test.

Section IICommunicative Competence [30 points]

Questions16-30: Choose the best answer from A, B, C and D. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

  1. Which of the following statements is TRUE of collectivism? ______
  2. Collectivist cultures are described as “I” cultures.
  3. Members of collectivist cultures value open discussion of disagreement.
  4. Uniformity and conformity are stressed in collectivist cultures.
  5. Collectivists tend to draw attention to themselves and express unique opinions.
  6. Just now I suddenly realized that I was totally to blame. I'll just have to face the music. The underlined part here means ______.
  1. to go to a concert and forget anything else by enjoying the music
  2. to relax oneself by listening to the music alone
  3. to accept responsibility for a mistake
  4. to go to see the person who is in charge and ask what has gone wrong
  1. Which of the following statements is NOT true? ______
  2. Individualism can be traced to the philosophy of liberalism.
  3. The basic social unit in collectivist cultures is the autonomous self.
  4. Eastern collectivism is tied to Confucianism.
  5. Culture shock may occur at the individualist-collectivist divide, but the gap can be bridged.
  1. Bob is great! He always plays the game. The underlined part has the same meaning as ______.
  1. takes something as a game without caring too much
  2. plays various games
  3. helps others when playing games
  4. behaves in a fair and honorable way
  1. Which of the following first names is shortened as “Bob”? ______
  2. Robert
  3. William
  4. Alexander
  5. Peter
  1. Which of the following statements is TRUE of the roots of English names? ______
  1. “Forester” came from personal characteristics.
  2. “Young” came from occupations.
  3. “O’Patrick” came from family relationships.
  4. “Butler” came from places.
  1. If you received an English invitation to a formal western banquet but could not attend it, what would be an appropriate action? ______
  1. Ask a friend to attend the banquet for you.
  2. Ask a colleague to phone a refusal.
  3. Accept the invitation but then not attend.
  4. Write a reply informing the host/hostess that you could not attend the banquet.
  1. Your American colleague has just had her hair dyed green. She is expecting your comment. What would you say appropriately? ______
  1. “Your hair is as green as tree leaves.”
  2. “It looks good.”
  3. “It’s too green. I don’t like the color.”
  4. “It looks much better.”
  1. Your classmate from Britain would like to borrow your computer this weekend. Unfortunately, you need to use it at the same time. How would you refuse the request politely? ______
  1. “Well, why don’t you borrow one from someone else?”
  2. “Sorry, I cannot lend it to you.”
  3. “Yes, but you need to give it back to me as soon as possible.”
  4. “I’d love to, but I’m afraid I’ve got a lot of things to type up as well.”
  1. Trying to explain rock music to your grandfather is just like dui niu tan qin (对牛弹琴)—playing violin to a bull. The corresponding English expression is ______.
  1. casting pearls before swine
  2. casting diamonds to a dog
  3. throwing pearls to a pig
  4. throwing diamonds to a goat
  1. Which of the following statements is TRUE of non-verbal communication? ______
  1. Non-verbal communication serves a variety of purposes.
  2. Non-verbal communication is less important than verbal communication.
  3. Since non-verbal communication is hard to interpret, it is important to reduce it to the minimum in cross-cultural communication.
  4. Non-verbal communication is not effective without verbal communication.
  1. The idiom “by the skin of one’s teeth” means ______.
  1. very thin
  2. hard and flexible
  3. only just
  4. one’s sense of right and wrong
  1. What does the ring gesture (you form an “O” by holding the tip of your forefinger to the tip of your thumb) mean in Britain? ______
  1. Something is expensive.
  2. Something is good.
  3. Something is worthless.
  4. I will kill you.
  1. Which of the following statements is NOT true? ______
  1. Proxemics is the study governing how closely one person stands to another.
  2. All cultures draw lines between appropriate and inappropriate social distance for different relationships.
  3. Social distance has a wider range than public distance.
  4. The appropriateness of physical contact varies between cultures.
  1. If someone is said to be “economical with the truth”, he/she______
  1. has saved a lot of money
  2. does not tell the whole truth
  3. uses very few words
  4. has recently died

Section IIIReading Comprehension [30 points]

Part 1. Questions 31- 35 are based on Passage 1. (10 points)

Passage 1

A handshake will be an acceptable greeting around the world. However, the strength, length, and duration of a handshake will vary by culture. Of course, Japanese will still bow to each other and it is advisable for foreign visitors to bow slightly when shaking hands. Mexicans who know each other will hug and East Europeans may kiss. In many European countries it is common to shake hands with everyone in the room before and after each business meeting.

Business card exchanges are an important part of any international business meeting. Variations include where to keep your cards, which languages the card should be in, and what to do with the business card once you have received it. One rule to follow: Always bring five times more cards than you think you will need. To explore the nuances of business card exchange, we will examine the exchange as carried out by an American in Japan.

First, the cards should be in English on one side and Japanese on the other. The Japanese side should have a logo or other marker. It is important that the company and title be prominently positioned. The cards should be kept in a card holder in the vest or jacket. Never keep the cards in a wallet or a pocketbook. The presentation of the card is done at the beginning of the meeting. Cards are presented with the giver's name (Japanese side) facing the recipient. The card can be delivered by one or preferably two hands accompanied by a slight bow. On receipt of a card, it should be studied carefully to determine the status of the person. Since meetings usually involve more than one person, each card received should be placed on the table, like an open deck of cards, in front of the recipient so that the executive can tell who he or she is speaking with. The recipient should avoid shuffling the cards, placing them in one's wallet, or writing on them in the presence of the giver. The business card is the symbolic embodiment of the organization; therefore it should be treated with the utmost respect.

As a general rule, use people's titles on international business assignments. Learn the appropriate titles for each country. People with Ph.D.s should always be referred to as 'Doctor'. In many countries, people will be referred to by their titles only. For example, "Chief Engineer, can you tell us how this operation works?" The use of first names in business also varies by country and age. Be alert to these differences.

Questions 31-35: Decide whether the following statements are true,false, or not mentioned according to the passage. Write T for “true”, F for “false”, and NM for “not mentioned”on the Answer Sheet.

______31.Generally speaking, in Europe you should shake hands with everybody at the beginning and the end of a meeting.

______32.You should always take at least five more business cards than you expect to need on your business trips.

______33.In Japan, the person’s status should be clearly given on the card.

______34.It is acceptable for an American to note something down on a Japanese business card to remind him of the person who gave it to him.

______35.The Japanese business card is more than just a reminder of who the person is.It also represents the company he works for.

Part 2. Questions 36-40 are based on Passage 2. (10 points)

Passage 2

In an effort to get over culture shock, there is value in knowing something about the nature of culture and its relationship to the individual. In addition to living in a physical environment, an individual lives in a cultural environment consisting of manmade physical objects, social institutions, ideas and beliefs.

An individual is not born with culture but only with the capacity to learn it and use it. There is nothing in a newborn child which dictates that it should eventually speak Portuguese, English, or French, nor that it should eat with a fork in its left hand rather than in the right, or use chopsticks. All these things the child has to learn. Nor are the parents responsible for the culture which they transmit to their young. The culture of any people is the product of history and is built up over time largely through processes which are, as far as the individual is concerned, beyond his/her awareness. It is by means of culture that the young learn to adapt themselves to the physical environment and to the people with whom they associate.

As we know, children and adolescents often experience difficulties in this process of learning and adjustment. But once learned, culture becomes a way of life, the sure, familiar, largely automatic way of getting what you want from your environment and as such it also becomes a value.

People have a way of accepting their culture as both the best and the only way of doing things. This is perfectly normal and understandable. To this attitude we give the name ethnocentrism, a belief that not only the culture but the race and nation form the center of the world.

Individuals identify themselves with their own group and its ways to the extent that any critical comment is taken as an affront to the individual as well as to the group. If you criticize my country, you are criticizing me. If you criticize me, you are criticizing my country.

Along with this attitude goes the tendency to attribute all individual peculiarities as national characteristics. For instance, if an American does something odd or antisocial in a foreign country which back home would be considered a purely individual act, it is now considered a national trait.

Instead of being censured as an individual, his country is censured. It is best to recognize that ethnocentrism is a characteristic of national groups. If a person criticizes some aspect of one’s own culture, one should listen but not enter into criticisms.

Questions 36-40: Choose the best answer from A, B, C and D. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

  1. According to the passage, which of the following choices is NOT mentioned as an element in a cultural environment?
  2. social institutions
  3. beliefs
  4. history
  5. physical objects
  1. What is the writer’s stand about culture?
  2. Parents are responsible for transmitting culture to their children.
  3. Children are born with culture.
  4. Culture needs to be taught to young people.
  5. Culture builds up over time and guides young people to adjust to environment.
  1. According to the passage, what is NOTsuggested by the writer as a symptom of ethnocentrism?
  1. Regarding cultures containing similar values as the best cultures.
  2. Regarding home culture is superior to other cultures.
  3. Identifying oneself with the group one comes from.
  4. Assuming other cultures do things likewise.
  5. What is the writer’s attitude towards ethnocentrism in the article?
  1. positive
  2. negative
  3. neutral
  4. indifferent
  1. What does the word “censure” mean in the article?
  1. praise
  2. criticize
  3. evaluate
  4. judge

Part 3. Questions 41- 45 are based on Passage 3. (10 points)

Passage 3

The Chinese make a clear distinction between insiders and outsiders, and this distinction exists on all levels of interpersonal interaction. Insiders consist of people from two categories: automatic and selected. Automatic insiders include one's parents, siblings, relatives, colleagues, and classmates, whereas selected ones are special relations that one has developed over time at work or elsewhere. For example, a person is considered an insider at work after he or she has developed a special relationship by helping others and sharing information with others. The five common criteria of an insider are nice, trustworthy, caring, helpful, and empathetic.

The distinction between an insider and an outsider provides specific rules of interaction in Chinese interpersonal relationships. Insiders often are treated differently from outsiders, and a person with insider status often enjoys privileges and special treatment beyond an outsider’s comprehension. To illustrate, a Chinese person may go beyond his or her means to help an insider, but an outsider has to follow the rules. The insider-outsider distinction also involves moral implications. In the Chinese culture, moral judgments are not only cognitively but affectively based. Moral stands tend to vary from one relationship to another.

Family-centered "insider" relationships have two important implications for relationship development with strangers. First, as King and Bond argue, the importance of family and the sense of dependency built up in the Chinese family system make it difficult to develop personal relationships with strangers. In the Chinese culture, the transformation from a wai ren (outsider) to a zi ji ren (insider) involves an arduous and time-consuming process, because personal relationships often take a long time to develop. After relationships have been established, however, they tend to stay very solid. As a result, in order to overcome the inherent difficulty in relationship development, intermediaries are widely used for social relationship construction. Second, the Chinese and other collectivistic cultures tend to be particularistic in their utilization of value standards toward in-groups and out-groups. This particularistic principle of interpersonal relationships hinders interactions with outsiders because value standards applied to in-groups may not be readily adapted to out-groups, and most Chinese don't feel knowledgeable about dealing with outsiders.

Questions 41-45: Answer the following questions briefly. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

  1. According to the author, what are the five common criteria of an insider?
  2. How do automatic insiders differ from selected ones?
  3. What example does the author give to show that insiders are treated differently from outsiders?
  4. According to the author, what makes it difficult for a Chinese person to develop a personal relationship with a stranger?
  5. What might be an appropriate title for this passage?

Section IVCommunication Analysis [20 points]

The following are two cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding. Your analysis should be about 100 words for each case.

You may organize your analysis in accordance with the following procedure: why did the people involved behave so from the cultural perspective? What behaviors caused the misunderstanding in the case? What corrective behaviors do you suggest to each party in the case?