Thermoregulation in the lizard Psammodromus algirusalong a 2200-m elevational gradient in Sierra Nevada (Spain)
Francisco Javier Zamora-Camacho, Senda Reguera, Gregorio Moreno-Rueda
Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
Supplementary Material
Table S1. Results of Bonferroni post-hoc analyses of each significant ANOVA performed, indicating differences among levels of each factor. In bold, significant differences.
Table S1a. Results of Bonferroni post-hoc analysis of ANOVA testing elevational differences in Ta.In bold, significant differences.
Elevation (m asl) / 300 / 700 / 1200 / 1700 / 2200 / 2500300 / - / 1.000 / 1.000 / < 0.001 / < 0.001 / < 0.001
700 / 1.000 / - / 1.000 / 0.003 / < 0.001 / < 0.001
1200 / 1.000 / 1.000 / - / < 0.001 / < 0.001 / < 0.001
1700 / 0.001 / < 0.003 / 0.001 / - / 1.000 / 0.128
2200 / 0.001 / 0.001 / 0.001 / 1.000 / - / 1.000
2500 / 0.001 / 0.001 / 0.001 / 0.128 / 1.000 / -
Table S1b. Results of Bonferroni post-hoc analysis of ANOVA testing elevational differences in Ts.In bold, significant differences.
Elevation (m asl) / 300 / 700 / 1200 / 1700 / 2200 / 2500300 / - / 1.000 / < 0.001 / 1.000 / 0.427 / 1.000
700 / 1.000 / - / < 0.001 / 1.000 / 0.449 / 1.000
1200 / < 0.001 / < 0.001 / - / 0.001 / < 0.001 / < 0.001
1700 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.001 / - / 0.764 / 1.000
2200 / 0.427 / 0.449 / < 0.001 / 0.764 / - / 0.967
2500 / 1.000 / 1.000 / < 0.001 / 1.000 / 0.967 / -
Table S1c. Results of Bonferroni post-hoc analysis of ANOVA testing elevational differences in Tb.In bold, significant differences.
Elevation (m asl) / 300 / 700 / 1200 / 1700 / 2200 / 2500300 / - / 0.393 / 0.603 / 1.000 / 0.001 / 0.115
700 / 0.393 / - / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000
1200 / 0.603 / 1.000 / - / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000
1700 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000 / - / 0.119 / 1.000
2200 / 0.001 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.119 / - / 1.000
2500 / 0.115 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000 / -
Table S1d. Results of Bonferroni post-hoc analysis of ANOVA testing elevational differences in Tpref.No difference was significant.
Elevation (m asl) / 300 / 700 / 1200 / 1700 / 2200 / 2500300 / - / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.123 / 1.000 / 1.000
700 / 1.000 / - / 1.000 / 0.297 / 1.000 / 1.000
1200 / 1.000 / 1.000 / - / 0.271 / 1.000 / 1.000
1700 / 0.123 / 0.297 / 0.271 / - / 1.000 / 1.000
2200 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000 / - / 1.000
2500 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000 / -
Table S1e. Results of Bonferroni post-hoc analysis of ANOVA testing elevational differences in Tpref variance.No difference was significant.
Elevation (m asl) / 300 / 700 / 1200 / 1700 / 2200 / 2500300 / - / 1.000 / 1.000 / 0.518 / 1.000 / 1.000
700 / 1.000 / - / 1.000 / 0.186 / 1.000 / 1.000
1200 / 1.000 / 1.000 / - / 0.120 / 1.000 / 1.000
1700 / 0.518 / 0.186 / 0.120 / - / 1.000 / 1.000
2200 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000 / - / 1.000
2500 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000 / -
Table S1f. Results of Bonferroni post-hoc analysis of ANOVA testing elevational differences in de.In bold, significant differences.
Elevation (m asl) / 300 / 700 / 1200 / 1700 / 2200 / 2500300 / - / < 0.001 / 0.023 / 0.031 / < 0.001 / 0.001
700 / < 0.001 / - / < 0.001 / < 0.001 / < 0.001 / < 0.001
1200 / 0.023 / < 0.001 / - / 1.000 / 0.200 / 1.000
1700 / 0.031 / < 0.001 / 1.000 / - / 0.151 / 1.000
2200 / < 0.001 / < 0.001 / 0.200 / 0.151 / - / 1.000
2500 / 0.001 / < 0.001 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000 / -
Table S1g. Results of Bonferroni post-hoc analysis of ANOVA testing microhabitat differences in de.In bold, significant differences.
Microhabitat / Full Sun / PartialSun / ShadowFull sun / - / < 0.001 / < 0.001
PartialSun / < 0.001 / - / 0.131
Shadow / < 0.001 / 0.131 / -
Table S1h. Results of Bonferroni post-hoc analysis of ANOVA testing hourly differences in de.In bold, significant differences.
Hour / 10:00 / 11:00 / 12:00 / 13:00 / 14:0010:00 / - / < 0.001 / 1.000 / < 0.001 / < 0.001
11:00 / < 0.001 / - / < 0.001 / < 0.001 / < 0.001
12:00 / 1.000 / < 0.001 / - / < 0.001 / < 0.001
13:00 / < 0.001 / < 0.001 / < 0.001 / - / 0.002
14:00 / < 0.001 / < 0.001 / < 0.001 / 0.002 / -
Table S1i. Results of Bonferroni post-hoc analysis of ANOVA testing elevational differences in db.In bold, significant differences.
Elevation (m asl) / 300 / 700 / 1200 / 1700 / 2200 / 2500300 / - / 0.242 / 0.120 / 1.000 / 0.045 / 1.000
700 / 0.242 / - / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000
1200 / 0.120 / 1.000 / - / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000
1700 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000 / - / 1.000 / 1.000
2200 / 0.045 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000 / - / 1.000
2500 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000 / 1.000 / -
Table S1j. Results of Bonferroni post-hoc analysis of ANOVA testing microhabitat differences in de.In bold, significant differences.
ReproductiveCondition / Gravid Female / Non-GravidFemale / MaleGravidFemale / - / 1.000 / 0.118
Non-GravidFemale / 1.000 / - / 0.059
Male / 0.118 / 0.059 / -
Table S2.Mean, lower and upper limits of SE (Ta), and 50% and 80% central boundaries of Tpref (Tset) at each elevation.
Table S2a.Mean, lower and upper limits of SE of Ta at each elevation.
Elevation (m asl) / Ta (ºC)Mean / Ta (ºC)
Lower SE Limit / Ta (ºC)
Upper SE Limit
300 / 39.98 / 39.43 / 40.53
700 / 46.41 / 45.86 / 46.96
1200 / 37.44 / 36.89 / 37.99
1700 / 37.64 / 37.09 / 38.19
2200 / 37.45 / 36.90 / 38.00
2500 / 31.72 / 31.17 / 32.27
Table S2b. Mean, lower and upper limits of 50% central boundaries of Tpref (Tset) at each elevation.
Elevation (m asl) / Tpref (ºC)Mean / Tpref (ºC)
Lower 50% Limit / Tpref (ºC)
Upper 50% Limit
300 / 35.27 / 34.32 / 36.22
700 / 35.36 / 34.38 / 36.33
1200 / 35.06 / 34.15 / 35.97
1700 / 34.43 / 33.58 / 35.28
2200 / 34.96 / 33.84 / 36.09
2500 / 34.84 / 33.68 / 35.99
Table S2c. Mean, lower and upper limits of 80% central boundaries of Tpref (Tset) at each elevation.
Elevation (m asl) / Tpref (ºC)Mean / Tpref (ºC)
Lower 80% Limit / Tpref (ºC)
Upper 80% Limit
300 / 35.27 / 33.78 / 36.75
700 / 35.36 / 34.16 / 36.99
1200 / 35.06 / 33.19 / 36.53
1700 / 34.43 / 32.29 / 36.33
2200 / 34.96 / 32.65 / 36.86
2500 / 34.84 / 32.70 / 36.65
Table S3. Effectiveness of thermoregulation (de-db) calculated for each hour and each microclimate for each reproductive condition at each elevation. These results were found with Tset considered as 50% central values of Tpref.
Elevation (m asl) / Reproductive status / n / 10:00 / 11:00 / 12:00 / 13:00 / 14:00 / Full Sun / Partial Sun / Shadow300 / Non-Gravid Female / 22 / 0.742 / 0.809 / 0.719 / 0.728 / 0.853 / 0.817 / 0.766 / 0.742
Gravid Female / 14 / 0.531 / 0.640 / 0.482 / 0.481 / 0.697 / 0.650 / 0.547 / 0.509
Male / 34 / 0.488 / 0.638 / 0.525 / 0.552 / 0.731 / 0.668 / 0.581 / 0.529
700 / Non-Gravid Female / 10 / 0.569 / 0.814 / 0.626 / 0.563 / 0.619 / 0.723 / 0.646 / 0.573
Gravid Female / 12 / 0.656 / 0.845 / 0.691 / 0.632 / 0.624 / 0.766 / 0.704 / 0.623
Male / 12 / 0.300 / 0.716 / 0.485 / 0.430 / 0.440 / 0.601 / 0.476 / 0.354
1200 / Non-Gravid Female / 9 / 0.488 / 0.775 / -0.010 / -0.074 / 0.564 / 0.513 / 0.502 / 0.562
Gravid Female / 10 / 0.520 / 0.774 / -0.233 / -0.041 / 0.593 / 0.515 / 0.512 / 0.571
Male / 12 / 0.769 / 0.910 / 0.600 / 0.622 / 0.801 / 0.800 / 0.790 / 0.818
1700 / Non-Gravid Female / 10 / 0.623 / 0.801 / -0.704 / 0.425 / 0.078 / 0.561 / 0.429 / 0.598
Gravid Female / 5 / 0.531 / 0.736 / -1.654 / 0.290 / -0.509 / 0.415 / 0.235 / 0.479
Male / 10 / 0.579 / 0.805 / -0.479 / 0.452 / 0.090 / 0.565 / 0.413 / 0.590
2200 / Non-Gravid Female / 19 / 0.707 / 0.562 / 0.384 / 0.642 / 0.057 / 0.563 / 0.524 / 0.459
Gravid Female / 11 / 0.565 / 0.274 / 0.013 / 0.472 / -0.772 / 0.319 / 0.251 / 0.144
Male / 36 / 0.699 / 0.625 / 0.494 / 0.675 / 0.092 / 0.600 / 0.560 / 0.492
2500 / Non-Gravid Female / 20 / 0.146 / -0.129 / 0.345 / 0.177 / -0.040 / 0.235 / -0.199 / -0.334
Gravid Female / 15 / 0.417 / 0.211 / 0.555 / 0.470 / 0.263 / 0.481 / 0.181 / 0.071
Male / 37 / 0.343 / 0.266 / 0.556 / 0.403 / 0.168 / 0.448 / 0.145 / 0.049
Table S4.Effectiveness of thermoregulation calculated as de-db for each hour and each microclimate for each reproductive condition at each population. These results were found with Tset considered as 80% central values of Tpref.We also calculated Spearman’s rank tests between elevation and de-db for non-gravid females (rs = -0.77; P = 0.07), gravid females (rs = -0.54; P = 0.27), and males (rs = -0.61; P = 0.11).
Elevation (m asl) / Reproductive status / N / 10:00 / 11:00 / 12:00 / 13:00 / 14:00 / Microclimate Full Sun / Microclimate Partial Sun / Microclimate Shadow300 / Non-Gravid Female / 22 / 0.828 / 0.885 / 0.838 / 0.833 / 0.914 / 0.891 / 0.860 / 0.839
Gravid Female / 10 / 0.556 / 0.830 / 0.660 / 0.560 / 0.641 / 0.744 / 0.659 / 0.576
Male / 9 / 0.457 / 0.780 / -0.633 / -0.251 / 0.539 / 0.483 / 0.458 / 0.539
700 / Non-Gravid Female / 10 / 0.635 / 0.822 / -1.351 / 0.417 / 0.104 / 0.584 / 0.427 / 0.614
Gravid Female / 19 / 0.743 / 0.631 / 0.442 / 0.675 / 0.171 / 0.618 / 0.567 / 0.492
Male / 20 / 0.133 / -0.070 / 0.372 / 0.147 / 0.040 / 0.260 / -0.201 / -0.398
1200 / Non-Gravid Female / 14 / 0.548 / 0.663 / 0.467 / 0.490 / 0.726 / 0.669 / 0.574 / 0.521
Gravid Female / 12 / 0.664 / 0.858 / 0.686 / 0.614 / 0.647 / 0.779 / 0.708 / 0.625
Male / 10 / 0.517 / 0.791 / -0.477 / -0.239 / 0.590 / 0.519 / 0.502 / 0.574
1700 / Non-Gravid Female / 5 / 0.574 / 0.778 / -2.095 / 0.269 / -0.502 / 0.476 / 0.257 / 0.524
Gravid Female / 11 / 0.599 / 0.347 / 0.031 / 0.463 / -1.063 / 0.344 / 0.266 / 0.173
Male / 15 / 0.458 / 0.217 / 0.594 / 0.454 / 0.131 / 0.490 / 0.166 / 0.074
2200 / Non-Gravid Female / 34 / 0.529 / 0.680 / 0.589 / 0.558 / 0.731 / 0.691 / 0.606 / 0.557
Gravid Female / 12 / 0.248 / 0.711 / 0.481 / 0.381 / 0.265 / 0.582 / 0.438 / 0.251
Male / 12 / 0.853 / 0.947 / 0.680 / 0.755 / 0.873 / 0.873 / 0.867 / 0.887
2500 / Non-Gravid Female / 10 / 0.677 / 0.860 / -0.704 / 0.595 / 0.083 / 0.664 / 0.540 / 0.690
Gravid Female / 36 / 0.726 / 0.664 / 0.458 / 0.718 / -0.078 / 0.625 / 0.585 / 0.548
Male / 37 / 0.573 / 0.528 / 0.686 / 0.610 / 0.420 / 0.630 / 0.421 / 0.377
Table S5. Results of three-way ANOVA testing the effect of elevation, hour, microhabitat, and their interactions on thermal quality of the habitat (de). Symbols indicate: *** for P < 0.001. These de data were found with Tsetcalculated as 80% central values of Tpref.
D.f. / FElevation / 5, 881 / 96.09***
Hour / 4, 881 / 29.27***
Microhabitat / 2, 881 / 128.58***
Elevation*Hour / 20, 881 / 33.56***
Elevation*Microhabitat / 10, 881 / 48.54***
Hour*Microhabitat / 8, 881 / 42.74***
Fig. S1. Accuracy of thermoregulation (measured as db index) increased as db value approaches 0, and showed no clear elevational pattern. These results were calculated with Tset considered as 80% central values of Tpref. Vertical bars represent standard errors. When Tset was calculated from 80% central values of Tpref, db followed very similar results in elevation, with no clear elevational pattern (F5, 292 = 3.09; P = 0.01; Fig. S2). Consequently, Spearman’s rank test between db and elevation was not significant (n = 6 populations; rs = -0.14; P = 0.79).
Fig. S2. Accuracy of thermoregulation (measured as db index) increased as db value approaches 0. These results were calculated with Tset considered as 80% central values of Tpref. Contrasting with the results calculated with Tset considered as 50% central values of Tpref, differences among individuals in different reproductive status were not significant. Vertical bars represent standard errors. Differences in db among reproductive status were not significant (F2, 295 = 1.21; P = 0.30).
Fig. S3. Thermal quality of the habitat (measured as de index) increases as de value approaches 0. These results were calculated with Tset considered as 80% central values of Tpref, and were very similar to those calculated with Tset considered as 50% central values of Tpref. At low elevations, the thermal quality of the habitat is maximal under a shade, but in high elevations full sun exposure is more suitable (Fig. S3a). At low elevations, habitat thermal quality is maximal at the beginning of the day, while in high elevation it increases during the central hours of the day (Fig. S3b). Maximal thermal quality of the habitat occurred in fully sun-exposed microhabitats at the beginning of the day, shifting gradually to partially exposed and finally to shaded microhabitats (Fig. S3c). Vertical bars represent standard errors.
Fig. S3a
Fig. S3b
Fig. S3c
1