Practice Exam 2
Nervous, Muscle, & Cardiovascular Systems
Supplemental Instruction
Iowa State University / Leader: / Chelsea P
Course: / AnS 214
Instructor: / Dr. Koltes
Date: / 10/11/17
  1. What is the difference between the clusters of cell bodies called nuclei and those known as ganglia?
  2. There is no difference between nuclei and ganglia.
  3. Nuclei exist in all cells throughout the body, and ganglia exist only within the brain and spinal cord.
  4. Nuclei exist in the CNS, ganglia in the PNS.
  5. Nuclei exist in the PNS, ganglia in the CNS.
  1. Which of the following membrane ion channels open and close in response to changes in the membrane potentials?
  2. Voltage-gated channels
  3. Chemically gated channels
  4. Mechanically gated channels
  5. Non-gated channels
  1. The sensory, or afferent, division of the peripheral nervous system transmits information from the ______to the CNS.
  2. Kidney
  3. Skin
  4. Heart
  5. Stomach
  1. Which of the following statements best describes the membrane situation in the resting state in the neuron?
  2. All the voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed.
  3. Only the voltage-gated K+ channels are open.
  4. Only the voltage-gated Na+ channels are open.
  5. Only the voltage-gated K+ are closed.
  1. Which of the following events is NOT involved in the transfer of information across a chemical synapse?
  2. A neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis.
  3. Direct flow of ions from one neuron to the next.
  4. Neurotransmitters bind to the postsynaptic receptors.
  5. Calcium channels open in the presynaptic region.
  1. Which of the following electrical events occurs when a certain threshold is reached?
  2. Resting membrane potential
  3. EPSP
  4. Action potential
  5. IPSP
  1. Where on the graph do we see potassium ions leaving the cell, causing the cell to go past its resting membrane potential
  2. 1
  3. 3
  4. 5
  5. 4

  1. During which phase of an action potential are voltage-gated K+ channels open, while voltage gated Na+ channels closed?
  2. Repolarizing phase
  3. Resting state
  4. Regeneration
  5. Depolarizing phase
  1. Normally a cell is at -70mv. A potential of -90 mV is considered:
  2. A normal resting potential
  3. A graded potential
  4. Depolarized
  5. Hyperpolarized
  1. Which of the following defines “integration”?
  2. Increasing the level of one substance in response to a decrease in the level of another
  3. Monitoring changes both inside and outside the body.
  4. Activating effector organs.
  5. Processing and interpretation of sensory input and determining what should be done each moment in the body.
  1. A neuron will not respond to a second stimulus of equal strength to the first stimulus to which it has already responded because:
  2. The neuron is myelinated.
  3. Action potential generation is an all-or-none phenomenon.
  4. The neuron is in the absolute refractory period.
  5. Neurons are self-propagating cells.
  1. The ______cells are found in the CNS and the ______cells are found in the PNS, both wrapping around nerve fibers:
  2. Schwann cells, Oligodendrocytes
  3. Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells
  4. Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes
  5. Astrocytes, Schwann cell

Use the diagram below to answer questions 13-14

  1. The circled region is known as the ______, where the action potential is generated
  1. Axon hillock
  2. Axon terminal
  3. Dednrite
  4. Synapse
  1. What number indicates where calcium enters causing neurotransmitter containing vesicles to be excocytozied into the synpatic cleft
  1. 2
  2. 5
  3. 1
  1. What is the correct sequence of the following events?
  1. Neurotransmitter is released
  2. Action potential reaches the axon terminal
  3. Calcium ions enter the axon terminal
  4. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the post-synaptic cell
  5. The post synaptic cell depolarizes.
  6. 2, 3, 1, 4, 5
  7. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
  8. 2, 1, 3, 5, 4
  9. 3, 2, 1, 5, 4
  1. The ______serve as a communication network that coordinates the contraction of each myofibril that makes up the muscle fiber.
  2. T-tubules
  3. Thin filaments
  4. Z discs
  5. A bands
  1. Acetylcholinesterase:
  2. Activates acetylcholine.
  3. Breaks down acetylcholine.
  4. Is another name for acetylcholine.
  5. Helps acetylcholine bind to its receptor.
  1. Myofibrils are composed of repeating contractile elements called:
  2. Actin
  3. Myofilaments
  4. Sarcomeres
  5. Myosin
  1. Which of the following statements is false?
  2. During contraction, the distance between Z disks of a sarcomere decreases.
  3. During contraction, thin filaments slide past think filaments so that actin and myosin filaments overlap.
  4. During contraction, thin filaments slide past thick filaments so that actin and myosin filaments do not overlap.
  5. During contraction, actin-myosin cross bridges form.
  1. What would happen if a muscle became totally depleted of ATP?
  2. The muscle would remain in a contracted state due to an inability to break actin-myosin cross bridges.
  3. The muscle would exhibit isometric contraction.
  4. The muscle would relax and lengthen due to an inability to sustain actin-myosin cross-bridges.
  5. The muscle would exhibit isotonic contraction.
  1. An entire muscle is surrounded by:
  2. Epimysium
  3. Endomysium
  4. Perimysium
  5. Epidermis
  1. As an axon enters a muscle, it branches into a number of axonal terminals, each of which forms a neuromuscular junction with a single fiber. A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies is called a:
  2. Neuromuscular junction.
  3. Motor end plate.
  4. Motor unit.
  5. Synaptic knob.
  1. What is the ion released from the terminal cisternae that combines with troponin and removes the blocking action of tropomyosin, resulting in the formation of the cross bridge?
  2. Na+
  3. K+
  4. Mg2+
  5. Ca2+
  1. The sequence of electrical changes that occurs along the sarcolemma when a muscle fiber is stimulated is known as the:
  2. Membrane repolarization
  3. Membrane hyperpolarization
  4. Action potential
  5. Motor end plate potential
  1. All of the following terms refer to the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus, except:
  2. Excitability
  3. Responsiveness
  4. Irritability
  5. Contractility
  1. Elasticity refers to the ability of a muscle fibers to:
  2. Shorten forcibly when adequate stimulated
  3. Receive and respond to a stimulus
  4. Be stretched
  5. Recoil and resume its resting length after being stretched
  1. A sarcomere is part of a:
  2. Perimysium
  3. Endomysium
  4. Myofilament
  5. Myofibril
  1. Which of the following statements about slow twitch muscle fibers is false?
  2. Slow-twitch muscle fibers are smaller than fast-twitch fibers.
  3. Slow-twitch muscle fibers have a higher rate of ATPase activity than fast-twitch fibers.
  4. Slow-twitch muscle fibers are fatigue resistant.
  5. Slow-twitch muscle fibers take a longer time to relax than fast-twitch fibers.
  1. Which of the following is a regulatory protein of muscle?
  2. Actin
  3. Myosin
  4. Tropomyosin
  5. Ca2+
  1. The time lapse between the beginning of stimulus and the beginning of a twitch is called:
  2. Refractory period
  3. Contraction phase
  4. Relaxation phase
  5. Latent period
  1. What is it called when there is no relaxation at all between muscle contraction stimuli?
  2. Unfused tetany
  3. Fused tetany
  4. Temporal summation
  5. Spatial summation

Use the diagram below for question 32

  1. In the diagram above myosin is in a low energy state
  1. True
  2. False
  1. After actin and myosin bind ATP will be regenerated. All of the following are ways ATP is regenerated EXCEPT
  1. Aerobic repsiration
  2. Anerobic respiration
  3. Hydrolysis
  4. Direct phosphorylation
  1. Cardiac output is:
  2. The number of times the heart beats in one minute.
  3. The number of impulses fired by the SA node in one minute.
  4. The amount of blood pumped out of the heart during every ventricular contraction
  5. The amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute
  1. Choose the correct sequence of current flow through the heart wall.
  2. SA node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, AV bundle of His, right and left bundle branches.
  3. AV node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, AV bundle of His, right and left bundle branches.
  4. SA node, AV node, AV bundle of His, right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers.
  5. AV node, SA node, Purkinje fibers, AV bundle of His, eight and left bundle branches.
  1. Identify the correct sequence of blood flow through the chambers of the heart.
  2. Right ventricle, left ventricle, left atrium, lungs, right atrium
  3. Left atrium, left ventricle, right, ventricle, right atrium, and lungs
  4. Left ventricle, left atrium, lungs, right ventricle, right atrium
  5. Right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle
  1. The absolute refractory period refers to the time during which:
  2. The muscle cell is not in a position to respond to a stimulus of any strength.
  3. The muscle cell is ready to respond to a threshold stimulus.
  4. The muscle cell is ready to respond to any stimulus.
  5. A cardiac muscle cannot respond to any stimulus and lasts only 1 to 2 milliseconds.
  1. The pacemaker of the heart is the:
  2. AV node
  3. Bundle of His
  4. The bundle branches
  5. SA node
  1. The ability of some cardiac muscle cells to initiate their own depolarization and cause depolarization of the rest of the heart is called:
  2. An action potential
  3. Automaticity
  4. Fibrillation
  5. A functional syncytium
  1. On the electrocardiogram, repolarization of the atria is represented by the:
  2. P wave
  3. QRS complex
  4. T wave
  5. It does not appear since it is obscured by the QRS complex
  1. Myocardial ischemia may cause:
  2. Cardiac stenosis
  3. Cardiac defibrillation
  4. Angina pectoris
  5. Cardiac arrest
  1. Which of the following structures allow one cardiac cell to electronically stimulate another by allowing ion flow across the intercalated discs?
  2. Fascia adherens
  3. Gap junctions
  4. Desmosomes
  5. Intercellular folds
  1. When the atria depolarize and contract, which of the following is occuring?
  2. Ventricular filling
  3. Ventricular ejection
  4. Atrial filling
  5. Atrial ejection

Use the graph below to answer question 44-45

  1. What number represents calcium influx casuing depolarization
  1. 3
  2. 1
  3. 2
  4. I don’t know 
  1. #3 on this graph represents inactivation of ______channels
  1. Calcium
  2. Potassium
  3. Sodium
  4. Iodine
  1. Which of the following would lead to a decrease in heart rate?
  2. Norepinephrine
  3. Parasympathetic stimulation
  4. Exercise
  5. Sharply decrease blood volume
  1. Cardiac contractions
  2. Are spontaneous and rhythmic
  3. Exhibit automaticity
  4. Have a relatively short refractory period
  5. A and B are both true
  1. Stimulation of a cardiac cell
  2. Is initiated by Na+ diffusion into the cell
  3. Is stimulated by Ach binding to Na and K channels
  4. Triggers the expulsion of Ca out of the cells
  5. Is unnecessary, as the cell fires spontaneously, without preceding changes in membrane potential
  1. Repolarization in cardiac muscle
  2. Occurs at a faster rate than in skeletal muscle
  3. Is determined by Na levels in the cell
  4. Results from the gradual inactivation of Ca channels
  5. Is determined by the opening of Na channels
  1. The ejection fraction
  2. Is a function of cardiac output, divided by the end diastolic volume
  3. Is decreased by exercise in an athlete’s heart
  4. Depends on both the pre-contractile filling of the ventricles and strength of ventricular contractility
  5. Increases with increasing end systolic volume