Part I. Grammar
Articles
There are two articles in English which called (a/an) indefinite articles and
(the) definite article.
Use an before vowels (a, e, i, o, u)
Use a /an + a singular noun.
Definite article: the
Use the to talk about specific things and places.
Use the when the noun denotes a thing unique: the sun, the Earth, so on.
Names of oceans, seas, straits, channels, canals, mountain chains, rivers and lakes usually take the definite article.
Names of theaters, cinemas, museums, hotels, newspapers and magazines usually take the definite article.
Absence of the Article Zero article
Don’t use when you talk about things in general.
Don’t use with time expressions, have +meals.
Don’t use in front of uncountable nouns.
Don’t use with names of continents, countries, cities, towns and villages.
Don’t use with names of persons, streets, parks, squares, universities,colleges, airports and railway station.
Don’t use with names of months, days of week.
Exercise 1. Use articles: a, an .
Table, apple, door, eye, ear, desk, pen, teacher, engineer, school, film, station, airport, English book, blackboard, computer, ice-cream, umbrella, flower.
Exercise 2. Use the necessary article.
Family, mother, father, daughter, son, uncle, aunt, niece, nephew, brother, sister, husband, wife, baby, child, grandmother, grandfather.
Exercise 3. Use articles where necessary.
Star, London, umbrella, Volga, Browns, king, Abai Square, inkpot, Alatau, airplane, train, Smith, north, son, sun, south, Irtysh, Almaty, station, earth, Pacific Ocean, Europe, Asia, USA, girl, west, moon, Thames, Black Sea, office, east.
Exercise 4. Use articles where necessary.
1.This is …good book. Take … book from … table. 2. We have … English lesson. 3. Where is your … brother? - He is at … home 4. Our … cat is sitting near … chair. … chair is in … middle of … room. It is … large room. 5.What’s … weather like today? - … weather is fine. 6. … sky is blue today. 7. … Earth is our planet. 8. My father is … engineer. 9. My mother is … doctor. 10. We live in … big house. I like … house very much. 11. I like to sit on … sofa and read … book. 12… London is … capital of … Great Britain. 13. We are in … Almaty now.
Exercise 5. Use articles where necessary.
1. He is … Bolat. 2. He is in … office. 3. Give me … textbook, please. 4. Our Academy is in … Zhandosov street. 5. It is … Lesson Ten. 6. … blood is red. 7. We write with … pen. 8. … children’s room is between … sitting –room and … bedroom.
9. There is … big tree in … garden. 10. Where is … cat? - … cat is on …sofa.
Nouns (singular and plural)
Nouns are the names of objects, i.e. things, human beings, animals, materials and absract notions.
All nouns can be divided into two main groups: proper names (e.g. John, London, the Thames) and common nouns.
Common nouns are subdivided into countable (things you can count: an apple, a table) and uncountable (things you can’t count: water, rice
Nouns (singular and plural)
The plural of most nouns is built up by means of the suffix –s or –es.
The suffix –es is added to nouns ending in s, ss,sh,ch,x and z (e.g.glass-glasses, brush-brushes).
It is also added to nouns in o preceded by a consonant (e.g. tomato-tomatoes, hero-heroes)
Nouns ending in –y preceded by a consonant change the –y into ies.(e. g. fly-flies, country-countries). But if a noun ends in –y preceded by a vowel, only –s is added (e.g. key-keys, boy-boys).
The following nouns ending in –f or –fe have the ending –ves in the plural: life-lives, shelf-shelves.
But these nouns ending in –f or fe take only –s in the plural: roof-roofs, cliff-cliffs, gulf-gulfs, proof-proofs, safe-safes, belief-beliefs, grief-griefs, cuff-cuffs.
A few nouns form their plural by a change of vowel. They are man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, child-children, person-people, goose-geese.
Exercise 1. Use the nouns in the plural:
a) hat, bag, bench, box, cat, shoe, leg, house, plate, dress, dish, hand , bus;
b) lady, toy, city, boy, family, country, day, monkey, story, baby.
c) leaf, knife, thief, wolf, shelf, wife.
d) man, woman, foot, tooth, mouse, child, person.
Exercise 2. Use the nouns in the plural:
Postman, plane, dictionary, student, town, photo, tree, chief, factory, place, gate, map, Negro, class, apple, life, party, rose, way, play, map, page, goose.
Exercise 3. Translate these nouns and remember to use them only in singular.
Weather, furniture, information, advice, news, money, watch, knowledge, progress, hair, love, anger, work, fish, fruit.
Exercise 4.Translate these nouns and remember to use them only in the plural.
Contents, wages, clothes, goods, politics, suburbs, slums, trousers, spectacles, memoirs, scales, tropics.
Exercise 5. Use the nouns in the singular:
Cities, factories, families, days, toys, keys, heroes, Negroes, pianos, photos, leaves, knives, thieves, roots, safes, geese, teeth, feet, dishes, buses, classes, boxes, bases.
Exercise 6. Write these nouns in the right column. Use the model.
Model: countable noun uncountable noun
a sofa water
an office milk
Chair, milk, silver, gold, blood, music, rain, snow, desk, letter, tea, smoke, flour, dress, cat, child, love, man, dust, office, sense, hospital, phone, ear, roof, wind, coffee, mind, café, table, sugar, cheese, butter, bread, house, assistance, event.
Exercise 7. Use these word combinations in the plural:
A long letter, a large room, an old man, a little boy, a beautiful flower, a red apple, a cold day, a long pencil, an easy text, a square box, a round table, a big house, a thin paper, a red rose, a green tram, a nice shirt, a long skirt, a wide street, an interesting text, a nice dress, a dark room, a deep lake, a hard work.
Verb be (present)
Verb to be (present) is conjugated in positive:
I am We are
You are You are
He, she, it is They are
Interrogative: Am I ? Negative: I am not
Is she,he it ? She,he it is not
Are we,you, they ? We,you, they are not
Contracted form: ‘m – am, ‘re – are, ‘s – is.
Exercise 1. Use “to be” in the present simple.
He …a student. You…English. She …a young lady. Nick…from Glasgow. My mother…a doctor. They … from Canada. Assima…in Almaty now. The book … thin. This … a classroom. I … a teacher.
Exercise 2. Make these statements negative and interrogative.
1. I am a student. 2. My brother is in the army. 3. English is my favourite subject. 4. The flats in this house are very comfortable. 5 They are at home. 6. It is ten o’clock. 7. You are doctors. 8. I am from Kazakhstan.
Exercise 3. Use to be.
1. A: What … your name?
B: My name … Amina.
2. A: Where … she from?
B: She … from Almaty.
3. A: What … her name?
B: Her name … Amina. She … an actress.
4. A: What … their names?
B: Their names … Ann and Jane. They are singers.
5. A: Where … they from?
B: They … from the USA.
6. A: What … his name?
B: His name … Dauren.
7. A: … he a lawyer?
B: Yes, he … .
Exercise 4. Use the right word.
A brother, a dentist, at an office, uncle, in the army, a secretary, a policeman, the school, a teacher, son, a taxi driver, head.
1. My father is …. 2. His … is a computer operator. 3. He is a clerk …. 4. His … is an office worker. 5. My … is a rich businessman. 6. Their son is … now. He is a soldier. 7. He is … and his brother is …. 8. She is … and her sister is …. 9. This man is … of our department. 10. Her aunt is headmistress of ….
Exercise 5. What are your relatives?
Model: My father is an engineer.
mother a cook
father a pensioner
wife a housewife
husband an economist
son a secretary
daughter a schoolgirl
brother a student
sister a teacher
cousin a computer operator
uncle a lawyer
aunt a worker
grandfather a dancer
grandmother a doctor
Exercise 6. Combine the following phrases according to the model.
Model: I’m glad to meet you.
А. I am glad, I’m happy, I’m ready, I’m hungry, I’m thirsty, I’m late for work, I’m sorry, I’m busy, I’m bored, , I’m tired, I’m cold;
B. read a book, go to bed, have a sandwich, hurry up, have a drink, put a coat on, to meet you, can’t find your book, at work, have a new car, help you.
Exercise 7. Make up sentences using these word combinations.
Model: I’m fond of sport.
To be surprised at smb, to be ill, to be mistaken, to be sure, to be proud of, to be worried, to be fond of, to be afraid of, to be interested in, to be present, to be absent.
Imperative Mood
The Imperative Mood is used to give commands or make requests, prohibitions.
Infinitive + Imperative - Imperative
Open Open the door. Don’t open the door.
There are only two forms, one + and - .
Singular and plural are the same.
Exercise 1. Read and ask a partner to do.
Model: Aigerim, stand up, please, come here!
Don’t stand, stop, take the book, go to the door, don’t open it, go to your seat, sit down, please, stand up, please, come here thank you.
Exercise 2. Use the verbs of command:
A. 1. … here! 2. … to the table! 3. … the book! 4 … the bag. 5. … the door. 6. … at my cat.
B. 1. … not … the book. 2. … not … down. 3. … not … at Aigerim. 4. … not … to the door. 5. … not … my pen.
Exercise 3. Write instructions to the students (what to do and what not to do).
Pronouns
Pronouns can be divided into the following classes:
1) personal pronouns 6) indefinite pronouns
2) possessive pronouns 7) reciprocal pronouns
3) reflexive pronouns 8) interrogative pronouns
4) emphatic pronouns 9) relative pronouns
5) demonstrative pronouns
Personal pronoun Possessive pronouns
Nominative case Objective case Simple form Absolute Form
I me my mine
You you your yours
He him his his
She her her hers
It it its -
We us our ours
They them their theirs
Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding –self (in the plural –selves).
Myself ourselves
Yourself yourselves
Himself
Herself themselves
Itself
Emphatic pronouns have the same forms as reflexive pronouns – they are homonyms.
Emphatic pronouns are used for emphasis.
e.g. My mother herself opened the door. (or My mother opened the door herself.)
Exercise 1. Use the necessary subject pronoun in place of noun.
Model: Aigerim is from Kazakhstan.
She is from Kazakhstan.
1. Tom is from the USA. 2. Peter and Ann aren’t from Kazakhstan. 3. Aigerim
and her brother live in Astana. 4. Mr. Brown is a young man. 5. The building is new and tall. 6. Anuar and I are good friends. 7. Assima speaks English very well. 8. You and your sister are students.
Exercise 2. Complete the chart.
Nominative Objective
I me
… you
He …
She …
… it
We …
… you
They …
Exercise 3. Complete the sentences with a suitable pronoun.
1. I love you? Do you love …? 2. I work with John. I have lunch with … every day. 3. Can you speak slowly? I can’t understand …. 4. She lives near me. I often see … on the bus. 5. She doesn’t like my sisters. She never speaks to …. 6. The music is terrible. I hate …. 7. What do you think about these boots?- I don’t like … very much. 8. I want to talk to you about something. Can you phone … tomorrow, please? 9. We arrive at the airport at 8. 00. Can you meet …? 10. Excuse me, I have a problem. Can you help …?
Exercise 4. Use a possessive adjective.
1. Don’t take (we) … pen. 2. Look at (they)… picture. 3. I know (she)… teacher very well. 4. Don’t repeat (he)… words. 5. Answer (I) … questions.6. Put (you) … paper on the table. 7. Show us (you) new car. 8. Don’t read (she) letter.
Exercise 5. Use an object pronoun.
1. I see a newspaper in your hand. Give it to …, please. 2. This present is from Jane. Come and thank …. 3. I often go to the theatre and Ben goes with ….
4. Where is my bag? I can’t find … here. 5. My son can’t do this task. Go and help …, please. 6. We often meet our friends. We meet … at the Institute.
7. Your shoes are dirty. Don’t wear …. 8. Your home task is very difficult.
We must help …. .
Exercise 6. Use the absolute form.
1. Their house is better than (our house). 2. Is this her coat? - Yes, it’s (her coat).
2. Your pen is bad. Take (my pen). 4. Our room is larger than (their room). 5. My car is older than (your car). 6 This is my sister and that is (his sister). 7. Their work is better than (your work). 8. His book is thicker than (her book).
Exercise 5. Use a reflexive pronou.
1. He bought ... a new car. 2. She speaks very little of .... 3. Be careful!
Don’t hurt .... 4. We’ll find it .... 5. They told me the news .... 6. Did you invite him ....
Demonstrative pronouns: this/that/these/those
Use this/that + a singular noun.
Use these/those + plural nouns.
This/that/these/those can be pronouns or adjectives.
Exercise 1.Use the nouns in the plural.
this waiter, this tea-cup, this king, that wall, that door, this man, that woman, that shelf, that lady, this knife, that fork, this story, that picture, that umbrella, this bag.
Exercise .2, Use:
a) this/these
1. My name is Amina and … are my parents. 2. … man is our neighbour.
3. How much are … pens? 4. … is my brother and … are my parents. 5…. is an umbrella. … are pictures. 6.… are dogs. 7. … is a flower.