There Are Different Branches of Science. for Example

1 / Introducing science
1.1 / Science and us(Book 1A, p. 3)

There are different branches of science. For example:

Branch of science / Description
(1)______(生物學) / Thestudy of living things
(2)______(化學) / The studyof the composition, propertiesand reactions of substances
(3)______(物理學) / The studyof matter and energy
Geology(地質學) / Thestudy of rocks that make upthe Earth’s surface
Astronomy(天文學) / Thestudy of the stars and theuniverse

Scientists have made many discoveries(發現). These discoverieshave improved our understanding of the natural world. For example:

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
/ Alexander Fleming

Discovered (4)______/ Discovered (5)______

Scientists have made manyinventions(發明)which have improved our quality of life. For example:

Alexander Graham Bell
/ Thomas Edison

Invented the(6)______/ Invented the(7)______

Scientific discoveries or inventions can be (8)______if they are not used properly.

Scientific knowledge is subject to change when there are newdiscoveries.

There are (9)______in scientific knowledge. Many questionsstill cannot be answered using our present scientificknowledge.

1.2 / Working in the laboratory(Book 1A, p. 14)
A / Equipment and apparatus in the school laboratory(Book 1A, p. 14)

Equipment in the school laboratory:

water tap and sink
/ (1)______
/ (2)______

(3)______
/ (4)______
/ (5) ______

(6)______
/ (7)______
/ (8)______

Laboratory apparatus:

Apparatus / Function
a / (9)______/ To clean test tubes
b / (10)______/ To hold a (20)______when heating
c / (11)______/ To hold test tubes
d / (12)______/ To heat substances
e / (13)______/ To transfer small amounts of solids
f / (14)______/ To hold liquids for (21)______
g / (15)______/ To fix the position of apparatus
h / (16)______/ To pick up small or hot solids
i / (17)______/ To support the apparatus when heating
j / (18)______/ To support the wire gauze
k / (19)______/ To protect the bench from (22)______
Apparatus / Function
l / (23)______/ To transfer a few drops of liquids
m / (24)______/ To hold liquids or small solids
n / (25)______/ To measure the (33)______of liquids
o / (26)______/ To hold liquids or solids
p / (27)______/ To hold a greater amount of liquids or solids
q / (28)______/ To storeliquids
r / (29)______/ To storeliquids that are used in drops
s / (30)______/ To hold liquids or solids
t / (31)______/ To stir liquids
u / (32) ______/ To hold liquids or solids
B / Working safely in the laboratory(Book 1A, p. 20)

Below are some laboratory rules (實驗室規則). Put a ‘’ in appropriate boxes.

Do / Don’t
(34) /  /  / report all accidents to the teacher at once.
(35) /  /  / do experiments without teacher’s permission.
(36) /  /  / point the mouth of a test tube towards anyone when heating.
(37) /  /  / tie back long hair and fasten school ties when doing experiments.
(38) /  /  / leave a lighted Bunsen burner unattended.
(39) /  /  / keep all exits and passages clear.
(40) /  /  / wear safety goggles when heating or mixing substances.
(41) /  /  / keep the laboratory clean and tidy.

Some common hazard warning labels:

(42)______/ (43)______/ Harmful / (44)______/ (45)______
1.3 / Basic skills in doing experiments(Book 1A, p. 25)
A / Transferringand mixing solutions (Book 1A, p. 25)

Skills of transferringsolutions:

(1) ______(2) ______(3) ______(4) ______

aRemove the dropper from the solution.Let the tip of the dropper touch the innerwall of the bottle.

bRelease the bulb.The solution will be sucked up.

cSqueeze the rubber bulb and put the tip of the dropper into the solution.

dTake the dropper to a test tube.Gently squeeze the bulb to add a few drops of the solution into the test tube.

Skills of mixing solutions:

IShake the test tube gently (5) ______

IIGently tap the test tube with the index finger (6) ______

B / Heating substances using a Bunsen burner (Book 1A, p. 27)

Structure of a Bunsen burner:

Steps of using the Bunsen burner:

1 Make sure the rubber tubing of the Bunsen burner is connected to the
(11) ______.
/ 2 Close the (12) ______before lighting the Bunsen burner.

3Bring a lighted match over the chimney.Turn on the (13) ______.
/ 4 Slowly open the air hole until the flame
turns (14) ______.

5Turn off the flame, close the air hole and turn off the gas tap.

Differences between the Bunsen flames when the air hole is closed and opened:

Air hole closed / Air hole opened
Colour of the flame / (15)______/ (16)______
Shape of the flame / (17)______/ (18)______
Brightness of the flame / (19)______/ (20)______
Temperature of the flame / (21)______/ (22)______

We usually use the (23) ______flame for heating.

C / Making measurements(Book 1A, p. 32)

Measuring instruments in the laboratory:

Skills of making measurements:

We should look at position (32) ______when reading the volume of liquids in measuring cylinders. / We should look at position (33) ______when reading the length of the pencil.

Some instruments and common units for measurement:

Measurement / Common unit / Symbol
temperature / degree Celsius / (34) ______
time / second / s
(35) ______/ min
hour / (36) ______
(37) ______/ millimetre / mm
centimetre / (38) ______
metre / (39) ______
kilometre / km
(40) ______/ cubic centimetre / (41) ______
(42) ______/ m3
millilitre / (43) ______
litre / (44) ______
weight / (45) ______/ mg
gram / g
kilogram / (46) ______
1.4 / Conducting a scientific investigation(Book 1A, p. 42)
A / Basic steps of a scientific investigation (Book 1A, p. 42)

How do scientists carry out scientific investigations(科學探究)?

1 /
Jenner noticed that milkmaids who had caught
cowpox(牛痘)beforeseldom caught smallpox. /
2 /
Jenner asked ‘Do the people who were once sickwith cowpox have a special abilityto fight against smallpox?’ /
3 /
Jenner made a hypothesis: ‘Cowpoxpus can protect peopleagainst smallpox’. /
4 /
Jenner put some cowpox pusinto a child’s body. After a few days, the child recovered and heput some smallpox pusinto the child’s body. /
5 /
The child did not develop smallpox. The result supported his hypothesis and he concluded that cowpox pus can protect people against smallpox. /
B / Carrying out a scientific investigation (Book 1A, p. 44)

There are three types of variables(變項) in a fair test(公平測試):

(7) ______variable:we have to change this in order to observe what happens.

(8) ______variable: this is the variableto be measured.

(9) ______variables: we have to keep these variables the same.

Andy uses the set-up below to find out the relationship between the length of the string and the time for the weight to swing one cycle.

Some of the variables in this experiment:

a thickness of the string
b length of the string
c weight
d material of the string
e time for the weight to swing one cycle

Identify the above variables a to e:

Independent variable:(10) ______
Dependent variable:(11) ______
Controlled variables:(12) ______, ______, ______

1Introducing science

1.1

1Biology2Chemistry3Physics4micro-organisms

5penicillin6telephone7light bulb8harmful

9limitations

1.2

1gas tap2electric socket3fume cupboard4first aid box

5eye wash bottle 6fire extinguisher7fireblanket8sandbucket

9Test tube brush10Test tube holder11Test tube rack12Bunsen burner

13Spatula14Evaporating dish15 Stand and clamp16Tongs

17Wire gauze18Tripod19Insulating mat20test tube

21evaporation22overheating23Dropper24Test tube

25Measuring cylinder26Beaker27Boiling tube28Reagent bottle

29Dropping bottle 30Watch glass 31Glass rod 32Conical flask

33volume34Do35Don’t36Don’t

37Do38Don’t39Do40Do

41Do42Flammable43Explosive44Corrosive

45Toxic

1.3

1c2b3a4d

5b6a7chimney8collar

9air hole10rubber tubing11gas tap12air hole

13gas tap14blue15yellow16blue

17irregular18regular19luminous20non-luminous

21lower22higher23blue24mercury

25alcohol26electronic 27digital stop-watch28spring

29measuring30half-metre31metre32b

33b34°C35minute36h

37length38cm39m40volume

41cm342cubic metre43mL44L
45milligram46kg

1.4

1observations2question3hypothesis4experiment

5results6conclusion7independent8dependent

9controlled10b11e12a, c, d

Mastering Science